

\documentstyle[headerfo,a4wide,11pt]{article}
\pageheader{{\it COP Project 106
MULTEXT-East}} {IM1 D1.1} {{\it Lexicon Specifications and
Notation}}
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\title{COP Project 106 MULTEXT-East\\
Workpackage 1 -- Task 1.1\\
Deliverable D1.1\\
Milestone IM1\\
-------------------------\\
{\bf Common Specifications and Notation\\
for Lexicon Encoding\\
of Eastern Languages}\\
-------------------------\\
Work in Progress}

\author{Workpackage Coordinators:\\
CNRS - Nancy Ide and Jean Veronis\\
\\
Task Leader:\\
PISA - Monica Monachini\\
\\
{\sf corpmon2@icnucevm.cnuce.cnr.it}\\
{\sf monica@ilc.pi.cnr.it}\\
\\
\\
Contributors:\\
BU - R.Pavlov, L.Dimitrova, L.Sinapova and K.Simov \\
CZ - V.Petkevic, Hajic and J.Klimova\\
ES - H.J. Kaalep, H.Orav\\
HU - L.Tihany and J.Pajzs\\
RO - D.Tufis, A.M.Barbu\\
SL - T.Erjavec, P.Holozan, M. Romih}
\date{31st October 1995}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\thispagestyle{empty}
\newpage
\tableofcontents
\newpage

\section*{Premise}

The present document constitutes the Deliverable D1.1 carried out within
the framework of
the MULTEXT-East Project for the Intermediate Milestone (IM1).\\

Its puropose is to (i) provide harmonized lexical specifications
for the six Eastern
languages involved in the project -- Bulgarian, Czech, Estonian,
Hungarian, Romanian, Slovene --, and (ii) formulate the relevant
notation to be used in the lexicons contributed by each langauge
group as resources for the tools, which will perform the automatic
corpus tagging.\\

The
two proposals of lexicon specifications
presented in the MULTEXT D1-6-1B Deliverable of the
MULTEXT Project (Bel, Calzolari and Monachini eds. 1995) and in the
EAGLES document of the Lexicon sub-group on Morphosyntactic annotation
(Monachini and Calzolari 1995) -- which is the basis of the previous one
-- constitute together the starting point and the
model of the work and results presented here.

The Eastern partners have carefully evaluated the two proposals
from the point of view of the coverage with respect to their
languages, have added the specifications needed to encode the
peculiarities of
their languages and have produced concrete applications of
the proposed specifications.
The work has been done through a cyclical process of adjustments and
re-application,
giving rise to continuous exchanges between the Task coordinator and the
partners.\\

This cycle has led to the formulation of the common proposal
for lexicon specifications of the Eastern languages contained in the
present deliverable (section 2). On the basis of the EAGLES and
MULTEXT models, they are presented as sets of Attribute-values --
displayed in tabular format -- and the
notation proposed follows the ``string of characters in fixed positions"
strategy.\\

The applications of the proposal to the six languages are appended to
the present document (section 3). They have been contributed
respectively by:\\
-- R.Pavlov, L.Dimitrova, L.Sinapova and K.Simov for Bulgarian;\\
-- V.Petkevic, Hajic and J.Klimova for Czech;\\
-- H.J.Kaalep and H.Orav for Estonian;\\
-- L.Tihany and J.Pajzs for Hungarian;\\
-- D.Tufis and A.M.Barbu for Romanian;\\
-- T.Erjavec, P.Holozan, M. Romih for Slovene.\\
The language application parts present the lexicon specifications
category by category and are structured as follows:\\

-- (a) a first section which describes
the features and values pertinent to a given category
in the form of tables with exemplications from the language in
analysis;\\
-- (b) a second section which provides the
combinations of values: the way in which different values combine
together,
giving rise to all the possible lexicon specifications for the items
belonging to that category, is displayed.\\


Pisa, October 1995
\newpage

\section{Introduction}


The aim of the present document is to formulate
harmonized specifications and a common notation for the lexicons
of the six languages
involved in the MULTEXT-East Project, i.e. Bulgarian, Czech, Estonian,
Hungarian, Romanian, Slovene. These lexicons will
be contributed in the form of word-form lists associated to their
morhosyntactic information by the six partners.\\

The work carried out within this Task 1.1 ``Lexicon specification and
resource
building" can, hence, be seen as parallel to that developed within the
MULTEXT Task 1.6 (MULTEXT 1993),
in which harmonized lexicon specifications with the respective notation
for the six project
languages have been formulated and used to encode the lexical
lists contributed within the Task 5.4.\\

This will allow us to obtain lexical material with harmonized information
encoded in an agreed way. These resources will run under the same tools
and make it possible to perform comparisons across languages.\\

One of the most important goals of MULTEXT-East is to make its
standards, software and data freely available for research in both
academia and industry. The consortium adopts a policy of maximum access
to all project resources. A primary goal is to provide the greatest
possible opportunity for feedback from the potential community of users.
Therefore, the project will provide free access to early versions of
software and data for use within the NLP and MT community.\\

In a larger perspective, the MULTEXT-East work fits into the framework
of
the standardization efforts in the academic and industrial environment,
provided by EAGLES and MULTEXT.
The Eastern work, indeed, serves as a refinement and
validation
of MULTEXT itself. With respect to the EAGLES initiative, it is
an example of the large impact and dissemination of the proposal within
the scientific community and
constitutes a further contribution to the testing and application of
the specifications, obviously increasing
their coverage from a multilingual point of view.\\


\subsection{Background work}

The MULTEXT D1-6-1B Deliverable (Bel, Calzolari and Monachini eds.
1995)
and the EAGLES proposal of specifications to be encoded in lexica
(Monachini and Calzolari 1995) have constituted the basis
of the results presented in what follows.\\
The two documents together collect the outcomes of
the main efforts in Europe towards standardization in large linguistic
resources and, among
other fields, in linguistic annotation.
The relationships and the interdependencies
between the two actions are reported in the introduction of the EAGLES
document,
where the MULTEXT contribution to the EAGLES effort is described in detail
and commented also in the introduction of the MULTEXT Deliverable.
Summing up,
the two actions have proceeded with the same bottom-up approach -- that
is also followed here --, producing
similar sets of specifications: the EAGLES one, aiming at a general
description of the languages, is intended to offer a more general proposal
and cover
a vaste range
of purposes, while the MULTEXT set has to be considered in the context
of the project itself, whose aim was to produce resources to be
used within the specific application of automatic corpus tagging.
The MULTEXT set of
lexicon specifications
is, hence, task-oriented, being
designed with a special look to the final purpose.\\

\subsection{MULTEXT-East work and approach}

The MULTEXT-East partners have started
carefully analysing and evaluating the set
of MULTEXT specifications with respect to their languages;
when the scheme has not been sufficient,
then, the EAGLES inventory has been consulted. If necessary, they have
proposed new distinctions for language-specific information.\\

The work proceeded in a cyclical process: firstly, the partners have
circulated the results of their evaluation work in applications
that have
been, in turn, evaluated by Pisa -- the coordinator --. These
applications have constituted the basis for the proposal of a set of
Eastern specifications, which has been designed with
a bottom-up procedure.\\
The nucleus of common
features, already isolated within MULTEXT, proved
to be readily applicable to the Eastern languages; the
formulation of the distinctions
needed for encoding the morphosyntactic information peculiar to
them has required much harmonization work.
Some of the features proposed by the partners in their first
applications
have been ``dropped",
as pertaining to a not-purely morphosyntactic level
(i.e. Transitivity); other distinctions have been kept out from the set
since considered too fine.\\

The emerged set has been again circulated among the partners for new
cycles
of revisions and re-applications, until the specifications have been
considered acceptable for all the language groups and stable enough.

\subsubsection{Criteria for the inclusion/exclusion of new
distinctions}

As regards the types of information to be included in the lexicons and
the ``fine-grainedness" of distinctions, the
MULTEXT approach can simply be described in the following way:\\
-- in principle, all the distinctions that
seemed to
complicate the process of disambiguation by means of an automatic tagger
have been discarded;\\
-- a specification for the encoding of a distinction has been
included if it affects the
word-form level, i.e. if a different graphical word-form is
recognized by that feature.\\
The motivation for this is to provide the information necessary for our
final purpose, i.e. automatic corpus tagging.\\


\subsection{Description of the proposal}

The methodology adopted to design the set of Eastern specifications has
been, as already mentioned above, that experimented in MULTEXT.\\

The proposal has been prepared in the usual MULTEXT table format, which
displays the specifications (as sets of Attribute-values, see below for
further details about the notation), with the respective code, used to
mark them in the lexicons:\\

-- (i) the {\tt minimal core} features, i.e. those shared by most of the
languages, have been highlighted in
the tables.
We tried to keep this set in common to {\bf all} the MULTEXT and
MULTEXT-East languages.
In such a way, the comparability across the information encoded
in the lexical lists of Eastern and of the six original MULTEXT
languages is ensured to a
certain extent.\\
If a feature of the minimal core presents value(s) that can been
considered
as {\it language-specific}, these have been marked with {\tt l.s.}
(see, e.g. the list of Case values needed for Estonian).\\

The features of the common core are highlighted with asterisks
(*) to distinguish them from the\\
-- (ii) purely {\tt language-specific values}.\\
The formulation of this set has been, as already
mentioned, highly delicate, due also to the fact that,
many language-specific values were presented in the applications and
sometimes,
the same morphosyntactic phenomenon was referred to
with two different attribute or value names. The
phase of recognition and
harmonization of semantics of some attributes, values and naming
conventions has, hence, required much effort.\\

Experience shows that the adopted representation described above, with
the concrete applications which display and exemplify the attributes and
values, also providing their internal constraints and relationships,
makes the proposal self-explanatory. Other groups can
easily test the specifications on their language, simply by following
the method of the applications.
The possibility of incorporating
idiosyncratic classes
and distinctions after the common core features, makes the proposal
adaptable and flexible enough, without ruining the compatibility.\\

\subsection{Lexical lists}

The proposed specifications with the respective codes will be used to
encode the word-form lists constituting
the resources to run under the tool which will perform the
automatic tagging of the corpus.\\
Note that the lexicons
supplied by each MULTEXT-East partners will have the following form:\\
\begin{center}
     Word-form, morphosyntactic information, lemma, TAG
\end{center}

The TAG part will be provided in a second phase of the Project. Our
experience with the six original MULTEXT languages demonstrated
that it is not possible to specify identical tagsets across languages,
even those within the same language family.
The need for idiosyncratic tagsets
for each language has been confirmed also within PAROLE-MLAP.
The comparability and the harmonization of
the linguistic properties
represented in different tagsets can be obtained only by
defining them according to the specifications
contained in
the lexicons, i.e. relating the tagset to the lexicon. In such a way,
these specifications, agreed and harmonized across languages, make
different physical tagsets compatible and mappable one onto each other.
In other words,
lexical specifications are used as a
common
platform across languages, a sort of ``interface", which permits
different tagsets ``to speak".\\
This is the philosophy which guided,
within EAGLES, the
tagset mapping exercise (Teufel 1995), where two different tagsets
are mapped via the lexicon: lexicon
specifications are modelled in typed hierarchy,
the semantics of each physical
tag of the two tagsets is defined
according to the specifications themselves by means of PROLOG rules
and
the mapping is automatically performed by a powerful tool
(the same is being done for the mapping of two different Italian tagsets).\\

\subsection{Notation}

In MULTEXT, the notation has been chosen
following current practices for NLP, where
information is represented in attribute/value formalisms
and following the idea that it
should also be self-informative for human understanding.
Considerations concerning the desirability that these descriptions
are able to provide
information about language-specific
characteristics, have also been taken
into account.
To sum up,  the notation format suggested  has the following main
characteristics:
\begin{itemize}
\item attributes are marked by positions;
\item values are represented by a single character;
\item a special marker reflects the non
applicability of a  given attribute.
\end{itemize}

These characteristics make  the proposed lexical description  notation
synonymous with  attribute/value  pairs used  in  current  unification
formalisms (see the D1-6-1B Deliverable for further details).

The
linear strings of characters representing the morphosyntactic information to
be associated with word-forms are  constructed  following
the
philosophy of the Intermediate Format proposed in the EAGLES Corpus proposal
(Leech and Wilson, 1994), i.e. of having agreed symbols in predefined and
fixed positions: the positions of a string of characters are numbered 0,
1, 2, etc. in the following way:\\

a. the agreed character at position 0 encodes part-of-speech;\\
b. each character at position 1, 2, n, encodes the value of one attribute
(person, gender, number, etc.);\\
c. if an attribute does not apply, the corresponding position in the string
contains a special marker, in our case `--' (hyphen).
\begin{verbatim}
Example: Ncms- (noun, common, masculine, singular, nocase)
\end{verbatim}

This notation  adopts  the  EAGLES Intermediate  Format with  a  small
revision:  the Intermediate Format  encodes information by
means of  digits,  while in MULTEXT characters of a mnemonic    nature
are preferred.\\

It  is  worth  noting here  that this  representation is proposed  for
word-form lists which will be used for a specific application, i.e.
corpus annotation.

\subsubsection{The use of `--' (`not-applicable')}

We call this marker `not-applicable'
and, as stated
above, its function is just to keep
the relationship established between attributes and values. It might be
used for  the  following  cases:\\

(a) {\it  not
applicable given a particular combination  of attributes/values},  i.e.
although the attribute  applies to the category in a given language, it
does not apply to a particular subclass of the category (e.g., Person
applies to Pronouns, but not to the Type {\tt demonstrative}).\\

(b) {\it not applicable to a particular lexical item, although the
attribute
applies to the rest of its paradigm} (e.g Gender in the paradigm
of Personal Pronouns applies only to the
3rd person, {\it I, you} vs. {\it she, he}).\\

(c) {\it not relevant} to a given language, (e.g. Gender to Estonian).
This appears as the simplest case to be encoded with a different
character
and, for the second phase of the Project, we suggest to find a strategy
to distinguish this case of not-applicativity from those at points (a)
and (b).\\


\subsection{Organization of the language-specific sections}

Following the procedure of the MULTEXT Deliverable, the
language-specific sections consist of two distinct parts:\\

-- a descriptive section, where the features and values relevant to the
lexicon of the language are displayed in tabular form, with
examples taken from the language;\\

-- the combination section, where the way in which the different values
combine together is shown.\\
Two different strategies of displaying combinations have been
followed:\\

* (i) all the {\tt admitted} combinations are provided together with
an example. This has the disadvantage of producing big lists,
given the high number of features and values to combine together,
but the advantage of providing
the only legal combinations with the relevant constraints
in the application of some features/values in presence of other features
or values or combination of them (see e.g Gender in Personal
Pronouns).\\

* (ii) a mathematical expression describing the combinations is
provided, which can subsequently used to generate
{\tt all} combinations, including those which are not valid.
\newpage
\section{Proposal of Morphosyntactic Specifications for Eastern
lexicons}


The categories listed below with the relevant attributes and values are
based on the MULTEXT and EAGLES documents.
The specifications constitute a
``harmonized" set of features which properly describe
lexical items of the different languages. \\

Inkeeping with the  general   aim   of  the  project,   these
harmonized
specifications -- and  the related resources -- will contribute to the
standarization of  the corpus  annotation work.
This common set of features, besides the advantages described in the
Introduction, will also be
a common  ground to perform comparisons of  different  annotation tool
results,  because the existence
of  many lexical description systems is causing nowadays a problem for
comparing results. \\

Therefore the categories and features listed below are the
common reference for the work done by the different groups.\\

\subsection{Table of categories}

\begin{verbatim}
=============== ====
Part-of-Speech  Code
=============== ====
Noun            N
Verb            V
Adjective       A
Pronoun         P
Determiner      D
Article         T
Adverb          R
Adposition      S
Conjunction     C
Numeral         M
Interjection    I
Residual        X
Abbreviation    Y
Particle        Q
=============== ====
\end{verbatim}

The Attribute and the values pertinent to these categories are presented
below.\\

At the beginning of each category, the string summarizing its pertinent
Attributes together with the respective positions, to be used for
encoding the belonging items in the lexicons, is displayed.
The features constituting the minimal core, in common with MULTEXT (and
EAGLES) are graphically contained between strings of stars (*).\\
This will serve
to the partners during the concrete work of preparation of the
lexical lists and will ensure that all use the same string and put
the values in the correct position.\\

Again category by category, on the left side of the table, further
useful information is given about
``who uses what?": the languages are listed at the top left row
of the category and an 'x' is put in the row corresponding to a value,
if that language marks that value. This expedient permits us to have
a  clear picture of  the  level of consensus
reached with respect to harmonization when elaborating lexical lists.\\

After the section devoted to the tables, another section presents
all the used values listed in alphabetical
order of their name and provides the respective code. This
will also ensure consistency in the use of values across languages, in
order not to compromise the comparison.\\

A further section contains the list of the Attributes, providing the
information of the category/categories in which they are used, and for
some of them, a very synthetic definition of their semantics.
\newpage
\subsection{Tables of Attribute-values}
\subsubsection{Nouns (N)}

{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
11 Positions

**** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
PoS  Type Gend Numb Case Clit Def  Anim OwnN OwnP OwdN
**** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----


= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           common         c  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 proper         p  x   x   x   x   x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Gender         masculine      m  x   x   x       x
                 feminine       f  x   x   x       x
                 neuter         n  x   x   x       x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number         singular       s  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 plural         p  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 dual           d      x   x
          l.s.   count          t                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Case           nominative     n      x   x   x       x
                 genitive       g      x   x   x       x
                 dative         d      x   x           x
                 accusative     a      x   x           x
                 vocative       v  x       x       x
           l.s.  locative       l      x   x
           l.s.  instrumental   i      x   x           x
           l.s.  direct         r  x
           l.s.  oblique        o  x
           l.s.  partitive      1              x
           l.s.  illative       x              x       x
           l.s.  inessive       2              x       x
           l.s.  elative        e              x       x
           l.s.  allative       t              x       x
           l.s.  adessive       3              x       x
           l.s.  ablative       b              x       x
           l.s.  translative    4              x
           l.s.  terminative    9              x       x
           l.s.  essive         w              x       x
           l.s.  abessive       5              x
           l.s.  komitative     k              x
           l.s.  aditive        7              x
           l.s.  temporalis     m                      x
           l.s.  causalis       c                      x
           l.s.  sublative      s                      x
           l.s.  delative       h                      x
           l.s.  sociative      q                      x
           l.s.  factive        y                      x
           l.s.  superessive    p                      x
           l.s.  distributive   u                      x
           l.s.  essive formal  f                      x
* ***************************** *
5 Clitic         no             n  x
                 yes            y  x
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Definiteness   no             n  x               x
                 yes            y  x               x
                 short art.     s                  x
                 full  art.     f                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Animate        no             n          x           x
                 yes            y          x           x
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Owner_Number   singular       s                      x
                 plural         p                      x
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Owner_Person   first          1                      x
                 second         2                      x
                 third          3                      x
---------------- -------------- -
10 Owned_Number  singular       s                      x
                 plural         p                      x
=================================

\end{verbatim}
}

\newpage

\subsubsection{Verbs (V)}
{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
14 Positions

**** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
PoS  Type VFrm Tens Pers Numb Gend Cli1 Cli2 Voic Neg  Case Def  Anim
**** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           main           m  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 auxiliary      a  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 modal          o  x   x   x   x
           l.s.  copula         c  x   x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 VForm          indicative     i  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 subjunctive    s  x
                 imperative     m  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 conditional    c      x   x   x       x
                 infinitive     n  x   x   x   x       x
                 participle     p  x   x   x   x   x
                 gerund         g  x   x       x   x
                 supine         u      x       x
           l.s.  transgressive  t          x
           l.s.  quotative      q              x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Tense          present        p  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 imperfect      i  x           x   x
                 future         f      x   x
                 past           s  x   x   x   x   x   x
           l.s.  pluperfect     l  x
           l.s.  aorist         a                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Person         first          1  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 second         2  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 third          3  x   x   x   x   x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Number         singular       s  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 plural         p  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 dual           d      x
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Gender         masculine      m  x   x   x       x
                 feminine       f  x   x   x       x
                 neuter         n  x   x   x       x
*********************************
7 Clitic         no             n  x
                 yes            y  x
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Clitic-s       no             n          x
                 yes            y          x
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Voice          active         a      x   x   x   x
                 passive        p      x   x   x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
10Negative       no             n          x   x
                 yes            y          x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
11Case           nominative     n      x
                 genitive       g      x
                 dative         d      x
                 accusative     a      x
                 locative       l      x
                 instrumental   i      x
                 illative       x              x
                 inessive       2              x
                 elative        e              x
                 translative    4              x
                 abessive       5              x
- -------------- -------------- -
12Definiteness   no             n                  x   x
                 yes            y                  x   x
                 short art.     s                  x
                 full  art.     f                  x
                 1s2s           2                      x
- -------------- -------------- -
13Animate        no             n          x
                 yes            y          x
= ============== ============== =
\end{verbatim}
}
\newpage

\subsubsection{Adjectives (A)}

{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
14 Positions

**** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
PoS  Type Degr Gend Numb Case Clit Def  Anim OwnG Form OwnN OwnP OwdN
**** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           qualificative  f  x   x   x           x
                 indefinite     i
                 possessive     s      x   x
           l.s.  past act part. l          x
           l.s.  passive part.  v          x
           l.s.  pres.act part. r          x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Degree         positive       p  x   x   x   x      x
                 comparative    c  x   x   x   x      x
                 superlative    s  x   x   x   x      x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Gender         masculine      m  x   x   x       x
                 feminine       f  x   x   x       x
                 neuter         n  x   x   x       x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number         singular       s  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 plural         p  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 dual           d      x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case           nominative     n      x   x   x       x
                 genitive       g      x   x   x       x
                 dative         d      x   x           x
                 accusative     a      x   x           x
                 vocative       v  x       x
           l.s.  locative       l      x   x
           l.s.  instrumental   i      x   x           x
           l.s.  direct         r  x
           l.s.  oblique        o  x
           l.s.  partitive      1              x
           l.s.  illative       x              x       x
           l.s.  inessive       2              x       x
           l.s.  elative        e              x       x
           l.s.  allative       t              x       x
           l.s.  adessive       3              x       x
           l.s.  ablative       b              x       x
           l.s.  translative    4              x
           l.s.  terminative    9              x       x
           l.s.  essive         w              x       x
           l.s.  abessive       5              x
           l.s.  komitative     k              x
           l.s.  aditive        7              x
           l.s.  temporalis     m                      x
           l.s.  causalis       c                      x
           l.s.  sublative      s                      x
           l.s.  delative       h                      x
           l.s.  sociative      q                      x
           l.s.  factive        y                      x
           l.s.  superessive    p                      x
           l.s.  distributive   u                      x
           l.s.  essive form    f                      x
* ***************************** *
6 Clitic         no             n  x
                 yes            y  x
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Definiteness   no             n  x               x
                 yes            y  x               x
                 short art      s                  x
                 full  art      f                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Animate        no             n          x           x
                 yes            y          x           x
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Owner_Gender   masculine      m          x
                 feminine       f          x
- -------------- -------------- -
10Form           nominal        n          x
                 compound       c          x
- -------------- -------------- -
11Owner_Number   singular       s                      x
                 plural         p                      x
- -------------- -------------- -
12Owner_Person   first          1                      x
                 second         2                      x
                 third          3                      x
---------------- -------------- -
13Owned_Number   singular       s                      x
                 plural         p                      x
= ============== ============== =

\end{verbatim}
}

\newpage
\subsubsection{Pronouns (P)}
{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
18 Positions

**** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ...
PoS  Type Pers Gend Numb Case OwnN OwnG Clit Def  Anim Refl Cli2 Form ...
**** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

 ... ---- ---- ---- ----
 ... PrFr SynT RefT OwdN
     ---- ---- ---- ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           personal       p  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 demonstrative  d  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 indefinite     i  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 possessive     s  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 interrogative  q      x   x   x   x   x
                 relative       r      x   x   x   x   x
                 esclamative    e
                 reflexive      x  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 reciprocal     y              x       x
                 int.rel.       w  x
                 negative       z  x       x       x
                 emphatic       h  x
                 total          l          x
                 determinal     m              x
                 general        g                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Person         first          1  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 second         2  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 third          3  x   x   x   x   x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Gender         masculine      m  x   x   x       x
                 feminine       f  x   x   x       x
                 neuter         n  x   x   x       x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number         singular       s  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 plural         p  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 dual           d      x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case           nominative  *  n  x1  x   x   x   x   x
                 genitive    *  g  x2  x   x   x       x
                 dative      *  d  x2  x   x       x   x
                 accusative  *  a  x1  x   x       x   x
                 vocative       v  x
           l.s.  locative       l      x   x
           l.s.  instrumental   i      x   x           x
           l.s.  direct      *  r  xR1
           l.s.  oblique     *  o  xR2
           l.s.  partitive      1              x
           l.s.  illative       x              x       x
           l.s.  inessive       2              x       x
           l.s.  elative        e              x       x
           l.s.  allative       t              x       x
           l.s.  adessive       3              x       x
           l.s.  ablative       b              x       x
           l.s.  translative    4              x
           l.s.  terminative    9              x       x
           l.s.  essive         w              x       x
           l.s.  abessive       5              x
           l.s.  komitative     k              x
           l.s.  aditive        7              x
           l.s.  temporalis     m                      x
           l.s.  causalis       c                      x
           l.s.  sublative      s                      x
           l.s.  delative       h                      x
           l.s.  sociative      q                      x
           l.s.  factive        y                      x
           l.s.  superessive    p                      x
           l.s.  distributive   u                      x
           l.s.  essive form    f                      x
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Owner_Number   singular       s  x   x   x           x
                 plural         p  x   x   x           x
                 dual           d      x
                 n              n                      x
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Owner_Gender   masculine      m      x   x
                 feminine       f      x   x
                 neuter         n          x
*********************************
8 Clitic         no             n  x   x   x
                 yes            y  x   x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Definiteness   no             n                  x
                 yes            y                  x
                 short art      s                  x
                 full  art      f                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
10Animate        no             n          x
                 yes            y          x
- -------------- -------------- -
11Reflexivity    yes            y      x   x
                 no             n      x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
12Clitic-s       yes            y          x
                 no             n          x
- -------------- -------------- -
13Formation      long           l                  x
                 short          s                  x
                 comp           c                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
14Pron-Form      strong         s  x
                 weak           w  x
- -------------- -------------- -
15Syntac.Type    nominal        n      x   x
                 adjectival     a      x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
16Ref.Type       objective      o                  x
                 attributive    a                  x
                 possessive     s                  x
                 quantitative   q                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
17Owned_Number   singular       s                      x
                 plural         p                      x
= ============== ============== =
\end{verbatim}
}

{\bf Notes}\\

5. * In the Romanian case system the value
'direct' conflates 'nominative' and 'accusative', while the value
'oblique' conflates 'genitive' and 'dative'.\\

If we want to list these values as belonging to the same Case universe,
i.e. if we want either
'direct', 'nominative' and 'accusative' or
'oblique', 'genitive' and 'dative' appear all together in the same
system, their semantics should be explained and
their internal relationships
represented. We suggest here to follow the same strategy adopted within
the EAGLES validation exercise, where different kinds of
relationships between values have been formally represented by adding
indexes to the values interessed:\\
- in this example, the kind of relation 'direct' and 'oblique'
have with other values of the system is of 'replacement'. We mark this
labelling 'direct' and 'oblique' with the index 'R' and adding the
numerical indexes 1 to 'direct' and 2 to 'oblique', which point to the
values which are respectively replaced.
\newpage

\subsubsection{Determiners (D)}


{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
10 Positions

**** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ----
PoS  Type Pers Gend Numb Case OwnN OwnG Clit Mod
**** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C      -   -   -   -   -
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           demonstrative  d  x
                 indefinite     i  x
                 possessive     s  x
                 interrogative  q
                 relative       r
                 esclamative    e
                 article        a
                 int.rel.       w  x
           l.s.  negative       z  x
           l.s.  emphatic       h  x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Person         first          1  x
                 second         2  x
                 third          3  x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Gender         masculine      m  x
                 feminine       f  x
                 neuter         n  x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number         singular       s  x
                 plural         p  x
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Case           direct         r  x
                 oblique        o  x
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Owner_Number   singular       s  x
                 plural         p  x
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Owner_Gender   masculine      m
                 feminine       f
                 neuter         n
*********************************
8 Clitic         no             n  x
                 yes            y  x
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Modific.Type   prenomin       e  x
                 postnomin      o  x
= ============== ============== =


\end{verbatim}
}
\newpage
\subsubsection{Articles (T)}

{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
6 Positions

**** **** **** **** **** ----
PoS  Type Gend Numb Case Clit
**** **** **** **** **** ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           definite       f  x                   x
                 indefinite     i  x                   x
                 possessive     s  x
                 demonstrative  d  x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Gender         masculine      m  x
                 feminine       f  x
                 neuter         n  x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number         singular       s  x
                 plural         p  x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Case           direct         r  x
                 oblique        o  x
*********************************
5 Clitic         no             n  x
                 yes            y  x
= ============================= =

\end{verbatim}
}
\newpage

\subsubsection{Adverbs (R)}

{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}

6 Positions

**** **** **** ---- ---- ----
PoS  Type Degr Clit Numb Pers
**** **** **** ---- ---- ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           general        g  x   x   x       x   x
                 particle       p  x                   x
           l.s.  pres.part.I    1      x
           l.s.  pres.part.II   2      x
           l.s.  place          l      x
           l.s.  temporal       t      x
           l.s.  causal         o      x               x
           l.s.  qualitative    q      x
           l.s.  indefinte      i          x
           l.s.  negative       z  x       x
           l.s.  adject         a                  x
           l.s.  verbal         v                      x
           l.s.  modifier       m  x                   x
           l.s.  int.rel.       w  x
           l.s.  relative       r          x
           l.s.  interrogative  q          x           x
           l.s.  total          l          x
           l.s.  demonstrative  d          x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Degree         positive       p  x   x   x
                 comparative    c  x   x   x
                 superlative    s  x   x   x
*********************************
3 Clitic         no             n  x                   x
                 yes            y  x                   x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Number         singular       s                      x
                 plural         p                      x
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Person         1st            1                      x
                 2nd            2                      x
                 3rd            3                      x
= ============== ============== =

\end{verbatim}
}
\newpage
\subsubsection{Adpositions (S)}

{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
5 Positions

**** **** **** ---- ----
PoS  Type Form Case Clit
**** **** **** ---- ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           preposition    p  x   x   x   x   x
                 postposition   t              x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Formation      simple         s  x
                 compound       c  x
*********************************
3 Case           nominative     n
  (req.by prep.) genitive       g  x   x   x
                 dative         d  x   x   x
                 accusative     a  x   x   x
                 locative       l      x   x
                 instrumental   i      x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Clitic         no             n  x
                 yes            y  x
= ============== ============== =
\end{verbatim}
}
\newpage

\subsubsection{Conjunctions (C)}
{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
8 Positions

**** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
PoS  Type CTyp SubT Form Clit Numb Pers
**** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----


= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           coordinating   c  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 subordinating  s  x   x   x   x   x   x
*********************************
2 Coord-Type     simple         s  x
                 repetit        r  x
                 correlat       c  x
                 sentence       p                      x
                 words          w                      x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 SubType        negative       z  x
                 positive       p  x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Formation      simple         s  x               x
                 compound       c  x               x
                 alone          1                      x
                 pair           2                      x
- -------------- -------------- -
5 Clitic         no             n  x
                 yes            y  x
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Number         sing           s          x
                 plur           p          x
- -------------- -------------- -
7 Person         1              1          x
                 2              2          x
                 3              3          x
= ============== ============== =

\end{verbatim}
}

\newpage

\subsubsection{Numerals (M)}
{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
11 Positions

**** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
PoS  Type Gend Numb Case Clas Anim Def  Frm  Clit OwdN
**** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           cardinal       c  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 ordinal        o  x   x   x   x   x   x
            l.s. fractal        f  x                   x
            l.s. multiple       m  x   x   x
            l.s. collect        l  x                   x
            l.s. special        s      x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Gender         masculine      m  x   x   x       x
                 feminine       f  x   x   x       x
                 neuter         n  x   x   x       x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Number         singular       s  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 plural         p  x   x   x   x   x   x
                 dual           d      x   x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Case           nominative     n      x   x   x       x
                 genitive       g      x   x   x       x
                 dative         d      x   x           x
                 accusative     a      x   x           x
                 vocative       v
           l.s.  locative       l      x   x
           l.s.  instrumental   i      x   x           x
           l.s.  direct         r  x
           l.s.  oblique        o  x
           l.s.  partitive      1              x
           l.s.  illative       x              x       x
           l.s.  inessive       2              x       x
           l.s.  elative        e              x       x
           l.s.  allative       t              x       x
           l.s.  adessive       3              x       x
           l.s.  ablative       b              x       x
           l.s.  translative    4              x
           l.s.  terminative    9              x       x
           l.s.  essive         w              x       x
           l.s.  abessive       5              x
           l.s.  komitative     k              x
           l.s.  aditive        7              x
           l.s.  temporalis     m                      x
           l.s.  causalis       c                      x
           l.s.  sublative      s                      x
           l.s.  delative       h                      x
           l.s.  sociative      q                      x
           l.s.  factive        y                      x
           l.s.  superessive    p                      x
           l.s.  distributive   u                      x
           l.s.  essive formal  f                      x
           l.s.  multiplicative 6                      x
*********************************
5 Class          definite1      1          x
                 definite2      2          x
                 definite34     3          x
                 definite       f          x
                 demonstrative  d          x
                 indefinite     i          x
                 interrogative  q          x
                 relative       r          x
- -------------- -------------- -
6 Animate        no             n          x
                 yes            y          x
- -------------- --------------- -
7 Definiteness   no             n  x               x
                 yes            y  x               x
                 short art      s                  x
                 full art       f                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
8 Form           digit          d  x               x   x
                 letter         l  x                   x
                 roman          r                      x
                 both           b  x
                 normal         n                  x
                 m-form         m                  x
                 postposition   s
                 approx         a                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
9 Clitic         no             n  x               x
                 yes            y  x               x
- -------------- -------------- -
10Owned_Number   singular       s                      x
                 plural         p                      x
= ============== ============== =
\end{verbatim}
}

\newpage
\subsubsection{Interjections (I)}
{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
3 Positions

**** ---- ----
PoS  Type Form
**** ---- ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C  x   x   x   x   x   x
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           mood           m                      x
                 other          o                      x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Form           simple         s                  x
                 compound       c                  x
= ============== ============== =
\end{verbatim}
}

\newpage
\subsubsection{Residual (X)}
{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
2 Positions

**** ----
PoS  Type
**** ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C  x   x   x   x   x   x
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           foreign words  w  x               x   x
                 symbols        s  x               x   x
                 formulae       f  x               x   x
                 datum          d                      x
= ============== ============== =

\end{verbatim}
}

\newpage
\subsubsection{Abbreviations (Y)}
{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
5 Positions

**** ---- ---- ---- ----
PoS  Gend Numb Case Def
**** ---- ---- ---- ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C  x   x   x   x   x   x
= ============== ============== =
1 Gender         masculine      m  x
                 feminine       f  x
                 neuter         n  x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Number         singular       s  x           x
                 plural         p  x           x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Case           nominative     n              x
                 genitive       g              x
                 direct         r  x
                 oblique        o  x
                 partitive      1              x
                 illative       x              x
                 inessive       2              x
                 elative        e              x
                 allative       t              x
                 adessive       3              x
                 ablative       b              x
                 translative    4              x
                 terminative    9              x
                 essive         w              x
                 abessive       5              x
                 komitative     k              x
                 aditive        7              x
- -------------- -------------- -
4 Definiteness   yes            y  x
                 no             n  x
= ============== ============== =
\end{verbatim}
}

\newpage

\subsubsection{Particle (Q)}
{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
5 Positions

**** ---- ---- ----
PoS  Type Form Clit
**** ---- ---- ----

= ============== ============== =  RO  SL  CZ  ES  BU  HU
P ATT            VAL            C  x   x   x       x
= ============== ============== =
1 Type           negation       z  x               x
                 infinitive     n  x
                 subjunctive    s  x
                 aspect         a  x
                 future         f  x
                 general        g                  x
                 comparative    c                  x
                 verbal         v                  x
                 interrogative  q                  x
                 modal          o                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Formation      simple         s                  x
                 compound       c                  x
- -------------- -------------- -
3 Clitic         no             n  x
                 yes            y  x
= ============== ============== =

\end{verbatim}
}

\newpage
\subsection{List of values with respective codes}

The values presented within the tables are, in the following, listed in
alphabetical order and the respective codes are displayed.

{\scriptsize
\begin{verbatim}
1s2s           2
1st            1
2nd            2
3rd            3
abessive       5
ablative       b
accusative     a
active         a
adessive       3
aditive        7
adject         a
adjectival     a
allative       t
aorist         a
approx         a
article        a
aspect         a
attributive    a
auxiliary      a
both           b
cardinal       c
causal         o
causalis       c
collect        l
common         c
comparative    c
compound       c
conditional    c
coordinating   c
copula         c
correlat       c
count          t
dative         d
datum          d
definite       f
definite1      1
definite2      2
definite34     3
delative       h
demonstrative  d
determinal     m
digit          d
direct         r
distributive   u
dual           d
elative        e
emphatic       h
esclamative    e
essive         w
essive formal  f
exact          e
factive        y
feminine       f
foreign words  w
formulae       f
fractal        f
full  art.     f
future         f
general        g
genitive       g
gerund         g
illative       x
imperative     m
imperfect      i
indefinite     i
indicative     i
inessive       2
infinitive     n
instrumental   i
int.rel.       w
interrogative  q
komitative     k
letter         l
locative       l
lonely         1
long           l
m-form         m
main           m
masculine      m
modal          o
modifier       m
mood           m
multiple       m
multiplicative 6
negation       z
neuter         n
no             n
nominal        n
nominative     n
normal         n
objective      o
oblique        o
ordinal        o
other          o
pair           2
participle     p
particle       p
partitive      1
passive        p
passive part.  v
past           s
past act part. l
past part.     l
personal       p
place          l
pluperfect     l
plural         p
positive       p
possessive     s
postnomin      o
postposition   t
prenomin       e
preposition    p
pres.act part. r
pres.part.I    1
pres.part.II   2
present        p
proper         p
qualificative  f
qualitative    q
quantitative   q
quotative      q
reciprocal     y
reflexive      x
relative       r
repetit        r
roman          r
sentence       p
short art.     s
simple         s
singular       s
sociative      q
special        s
strong         s
subjunctive    s
sublative      s
subordinating  s
superessive    p
superlative    s
supine         u
symbols        s
temporal       t
temporalis     m
terminative    9
total          l
transgressive  t
translative    4
verbal         v
vocative       v
weak           w
words          w
yes            y
\end{verbatim}
}
\newpage
\subsection{List of Attributes}

In this section, all the attributes presented in the tables are
listed in alphabetical order. For some attributes which cannot
cannot appear as self-explanatory, a brief description of their
semantics is provided.\\

\begin{tabular}{|l l|}
\hline
{\bf Attribute} & {\bf Relevant to} \\
\hline
{\bf Animate}     &         Noun Verb Adj Pron Num \\
{\bf Case}        &         Noun Verb Adj Pron Det Art Adp Num Abbr\\
{\bf Class}       &         Num\\
{\bf Clitic}      &         Noun Verb Adj Pron Det Art Adv Adp Conj Num
Part\\
{\bf Clitic-s}    &         Verb Pron\\
{\bf Coord-Type}  &         Conj\\
{\bf Definiteness}&         Noun Verb Adj Pron Num Abbr\\
{\bf Degree}      &         Adj Adv\\
{\bf Form  }      &         Num\\
{\bf Formation}   &         Adj Pron Conj Intj Part\\
{\bf Gender}       &        Noun Verb Adj Pron Det Art Num Abbr\\
{\bf Modific.Type} &        Det\\
{\bf Negative}     &        Verb                                   \\
{\bf Number}       &        Noun Verb Adj Pron Det Art Adv Conj Num
Abbr\\
{\bf Owned-Number} &        Noun Adj Pron Num                    \\
{\bf Owner-Gender} &        Adj Pron Det                         \\
{\bf Owner-Number} &        Noun Adj Pron Det                     \\
{\bf Owner-Person} &        Noun Adj                                \\
{\bf Person}       &        Verb Pron Det Adv Conj               \\
{\bf Pron-Form}    &        Pron                                 \\
{\bf Ref.Type}     &        Pron                                 \\
{\bf Reflexivity}  &        Pron                                 \\
{\bf SubType}      &        Conj                                 \\
{\bf Syntac.Type}  &        Pron                                 \\
{\bf Tense}        &        Verb                                 \\
{\bf Type}         &        Noun Verb Adj Pron Det Art Adv Adp Conj Num
Intj Resd Part\\
{\bf VForm}        &        Verb                                 \\
{\bf Voice}        &        Verb                                 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\vspace{10mm}

{\bf Animate}: this attribute makes distinction between nouns denoting
animate
beings from other nouns, required by some agreement rules. As it plays no
role in the graphemic form of a word, it was ignored in Romanian and
encoded in
Czech  which distinguishes masculine anim(ate)  and masculine
inan(imate)
Gender. Masculine  inanimate  Nouns  have   the  same  form  for  the
nominative and accusative Case.\\

{\bf Class}: it distinguishes subtypes of numerals
in Czech which have different syntactic distribution:
the subclasses of 1,  2,  3 and 4, ...\\

{\bf Clitic}: it encodes the
cliticization phenomenon in Romanian, restricted to
the graphically marked one. The
constituents of a cliticized word-form are always separated by a hyphen.
In the Romanian proposal
the  attribute Clitic has the value 'yes' on every
constituent of the cliticized form (see the Romanian application for
further details).\\

{\bf Clitic-s}:
the  'yes' value of  the Clitic-s attribute  denotes a  form
having the clitic morpheme 's' appended as a suffix.\\

{\bf Definiteness}: it corresponds to definite and indefinite article in
English, which is expressed in Bulgarian by suffixes, which differ
according to the gender and number of a word. For singular masculine
there are two forms: full article and short article (full is used when
a sing.masc. form is the syntactic subject of the clause, otherwise
short article is used). The distinction
full vs. short is not made for feminine, neuter and plural forms.\\

{\bf Form}:
Used in Bulgarian, it refers to semantics,
distinguishing numerals which refer to male persons
(but not children) or groups of male+female.\\

{\bf Formation}:
It refers to the graphical components: simple, i.e. consisting of
one word; compound, i.e. consisting of more than one word.\\

{\bf Modific.Type}:
It refers to the prenominal or postnominal positions
of Determiners which distinguish different forms in Romanian.\\

{\bf Negative}: the value 'yes'
encodes negative verbal word-forms in Czech and in Estonian.\\

{\bf Owned-Number}, {\bf Owner-Number}, {\bf Owner-Person}:
In the hungarian system, different word-forms are distinguished on the
basis of OwnerPerson, OwnerNumber, OwnedNumber (see the application for
further details).\\
Owner-Number is also used at common level
for encoding the Number of Possessor in
Pronouns and Determiners.\\

{\bf Owner-Gender}: it is used to encode
the Gender of Possessor in Pronouns, Determiners and Adjectives.\\

{\bf Pronoun-Form}: it is used to encode weak and strong pronouns in
Romanian.\\

{\bf Ref.Type}: Referent-Type is used for Pronouns in Bulgarian. It
operates
a subdivision on the basis of semantic features which have effect on the
morpho-syntactic paradigm: objective -- the pronoun refers to objects;
quantititative -- the pronoun refers to quantity, etc.\\

{\bf Reflexivity}: used in Czech and Slovene for encoding
reflexive personal pronouns and
reflexive possessive pronouns.\\

{\bf SubType}: used in Romanian to distinguish negative from positive
Conjunctions.\\

{\bf Syntactic Type}: used in Slovene and Czech to mark the nominal and
adjectival function of pronouns.\\

\newpage
\section{Appendix: Language specific applications}


\subsection{Application to Bulgarian}

The application to Bulgarian has been carried out by
Radoslav Pavlov and Ludmila Dimitrova (IM-BAS),
Lydia Sinapova (IIT-BAS) and
Kiril Iv. Simov (LML-BAS).


In this  section  the  MULTEXT  set  of  lexicon
specifications is applied  to
Bulgarian.
The language-specific values  added  for Bulgarian are highligthed with
the code `l-spec'.\\

\begin{verbatim}
3.1.1 Nouns (N)

Lexicon

= ============= =============== ============= ======
P Attribute       Value           Example      Code
= ============= =============== ============= ======
1 Type            common          kniga         c
                  proper          Ivan          p
- ------------- --------------- ------------- ------
2 Gender          masculine       stol          m
                  feminine        masa          f
                  neuter          vreteno       n
- ------------- --------------- ------------- ------
3 Number          singular        momtche       s
                  plural          stolove       p
  l.spec          count           (dva) stola   t
- ------------- --------------- ------------- ------
4 Case            vocative        narode        v
= ============= =============== ============= ======
6 Definiteness    no              utchitel      n
                  yes             zhenata       y
                  short article   moliva        s
                  full article    molivyt       f
= ============= =============== ============= =====
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}

Combinations

=== ====== ======== ======== ====== ============== =========
POS  Type   Gender   Number   Case   Definiteness   Example
=== ====== ======== ======== ====== ============== =========
N    [cp]   [mfn]    [sp]      -         n            1.
N    [cp]     m       s        -        [sf]          2.
N    [cp]   [mf]      -        v         -            3.
N    [cp]   [mfn]     p        -         y            4.
N    [cp]   [fn]      s        -         y            5.
N     c       m       t        -         -            6.
=== ====== ======== ======== ====== ============== =========
\end{verbatim}

Examples:

1. narod, zhena, selo, Ivan, Penka       \\
2. naroda, narodyt                       \\
3. narode, zheno                         \\
4. narodite, zhenite, selata             \\
5. zhenata, seloto                       \\
6. naroda


\begin{verbatim}

3.1.2 Verbs (V)

Lexicon

== ============== ================ ============== =====
P  Attribute       Value            Example        Code
== ============== ================ ============== =====
1  Type            main             govorya        m
                   auxiliary        sym            a
-- -------------- ---------------- -------------- -----
2  VForm           indicative       govorya        i
                   imperative       govorete       m
                   participle       govoril        p
                   gerund           govorejki      g
-- -------------- ---------------- -------------- -----
3  Tense           present          govorya        p
                   imperfect        govoreh        i
                   past             govoreno       s
                   aorist           govorih        a
-- -------------- ---------------- -------------- -----
4  Person          first            govorya        1
                   second           govorish       2
                   third            govori         3
-- -------------- ---------------- -------------- -----
5  Number          singular         govorya        s
                   plural           govoryat       p
-- -------------- ---------------- -------------- -----
6  Gender          masculine        govoril        m
                   feminine         govorila       f
                   neuter           govorilo       n
== ============== ================ ============== =====
9   Voice          active           govorest       a
                   passive          govoreno       p
-- -------------- ---------------- -------------- -----
12 Definiteness    no               govoril        n
                   yes              govorilite     y
                   short article    govoriliya     s
                   full article     govoriliyat    f
== ============== ================ ============== ======
\end{verbatim}


\begin{verbatim}

Combinations

=== ===== ====== ======= ====== ====== ====== ===== ==== ========
POS  Type  VForm  Tense  Person Number Gender Voice  Def Example
=== ===== ====== ======= ====== ====== ====== ===== ==== ========
V    [ma]  i      [pai]  [123]  [sp]    -      -      -      1.
V    [ma]  m       -       2    [sp]    -      -      -      2.
V     m    p      [pai]    -     s     [mfn]   a      n      3.
V     m    p      [pa]     -     s      m      a     [sf]    4.
V     m    p      [pa]     -     s     [fn]    a      y      5.
V     m    p      [pai]    -     p      -      a      n      6.
V     m    p      [pa]     -     p      -      a      y      7.
V     m    p       s       -     s     [mfn]   p      n      8.
V     m    p       s       -     s      m      p     [sf]    9.
V     m    p       s       -     s     [fn]    p      y     10.
V     m    p       s       -     p      -      p     [ny]   11.
V     a    p      [ai]     -     s     [mfn]   a      n     12.
V     a    p      [a]      -     s      m      a     [sf]   13.
V     a    p      [a]      -     s     [fn]    a      y     14.
V     a    p      [ai]     -     p      -      a      n     15.
V     a    p      [a]      -     p      -      a      y     16.
V    [ma]  g       -       -     -      -      -      -     17.
=== ===== ====== ======= ====== ====== ====== ===== ==== ========
\end{verbatim}

Examples:

 1. govorya, sym                   \\
 2. govori, bydete                 \\
 3. govorest, govorila             \\
 4. govorestiya, govorestiyat      \\
 5. govorestta, govoriloto         \\
 6. govoresti, govoreli            \\
 7. govoresti, govorilite          \\
 8. govoren, govorena              \\
 9. govoreniya, govoreniyat        \\
10. govorenata, govorenoto         \\
11. govoreni, govorenite           \\
12. bil, bila                      \\
13. biliya, biliyat                \\
14. bilata, biloto                 \\
15. bili                           \\
16. bilite                         \\
17. govorejki, bidejki             \\


\begin{verbatim}

3.1.3 Adjectives (A)

Lexicon

= ============= ================ =============== ====
P Attribute      Value            Example        Code
= ============= ================ =============== ====
1 Type             -                -             -
- ------------- ---------------- --------------- ----
3 Gender         masculine        bedniyat        m
                 feminine         bedna           f
                 neuter           bednoto         n
- ------------- ---------------- --------------- ----
4 Number         singular         bedniya         s
                 plural           bednite         p
= ============= ================ =============== ====
7 Definiteness   no               bedna           n
                 yes              bednata         y
                 short article    bedniya         s
                 full article     bedniyat        f
= ============= ================ =============== ====
\end{verbatim}


\begin{verbatim}

Combinations

=== ========== ========== ======= ====================
POS  Number     Gender     Def     Example
=== ========== ========== ======= ====================
A    s          [mfn]       n      beden, bedna, bedno
A    s            m        [sf]    bedniya, bedniyat
A    s          [fn]        y      bednata, bednoto
A    p           -         [ny]    bedni, bednite
=== ========== ========== ======= ====================
\end{verbatim}


\begin{verbatim}

3.1.4 Pronouns (P)

Lexicon

== ============= ================ =========== ======
P  Attribute      Value           Example      Code
== ============= ================ =========== =====
1  Type           personal         az           p
                  demonstrative    tozi         d
                  indefinite       nyakoj       i
                  possessive       moj          s
                  interrogative    koi          q
                  relative         kojto        r
                  reflexive        sebe         x
                  negative         nikoj        z
     l.spec       general          vseki        g
-- ------------- ---------------- ----------- -----
2  Person         first            az           1
                  second           ti           2
                  third            toj          3
-- ------------- ---------------- ----------- -----
3  Gender         masculine        moj          m
                  feminine         moya         f
                  neuter           moe          n
-- ------------- ---------------- ----------- -----
4  Number         singular         az           s
                  plural           nie          p
-- ------------- ---------------- ----------- -----
5  Case           nominative       toj          n
                  accusative       nego         a
                  dative           nemu         d
== ============= ================ =========== =====
9  Definiteness   no               svoj         n
                  yes              svoyata      y
                  short article    svoya        s
                  full article     svoyat       f
-- ------------- ---------------- ----------- -----
13 Formation      long             mene         l
                  short            mi           s
                  compound         sebe_si      c
-- ------------- ---------------- ----------- -----
16 Reftype        objective        koj          o
                  attributive      kakva        a
                  possessive       tchij        s
                  quantitative     kolko        q
== ============= ================ =========== =====


Notes:

1. The attributes -Formation, -Definiteness- and -Reftype- are
 language-specific.

2. Indefinite, Interrogative, Relative and Negative pronouns are
described together.
\end{verbatim}


\begin{verbatim}
Combinations

=== ==== ===== ===== ===== ===== ==== ====== ==== =======
POS Type Pers  Gend  Numb  Case  Def   Form  Reft Example
=== ==== ===== ===== ===== ===== ==== ====== ==== =======
Personal pronouns
P    p   [12]    -    s     n     -     -     -   az,ti
P    p    3    [mfn]  s     n     -     -     -   toj,tya,to
P    p   [123]   -    p     n     -     -     -   nie,vie,te
P    p   [12]    -    s    [ad]   -   [lsc]   -   mene,me,mi,mene_me
P    p    3    [mnf]  s    [ad]   -   [lsc]   -   nego,go,nego_go
P    p   [123]   -    p    [ad]   -   [lsc]   -   nas,ni,nas_ni,nam

Demonstrative pronouns
P    d    -    [mfn]  s     -     -     -      o   tozi,tazi,tova
P    d    -     -     p     -     -     -      o   tezi
P    d    -     -     -     -     -     -      q   tolkova

Indefinite, Interrogative, Relative, Negative pronouns
P [iqrz]  -      m    s   [nad]   -     -      o                 1.
P [iqrz]  -      m    s     -     -     -     [as]               2.
P [iqrz]  -     [fn]  s     -     -     -     [oas]              3.
P [iqrz]  -      -    p     -     -     -     [oas]              4.
P [iqrz]  -      -    -     -     -     -      q                 5.
\end{verbatim}

Examples:

1. nyakoj,nyakogo,nyakomu,nikoj    \\
2. nyakakyv,netchij,nikakyv        \\
3. nyakoya,nyakakva,nechiya        \\
4. nyakoi,nyakavi,netchii          \\
5. nyakolko,nikolko,kolko

\begin{verbatim}
=== ==== ===== ===== ===== ===== ==== ====== ==== =======
POS Type Pers  Gend  Numb  Case  Def   Form  Reft Example
=== ==== ===== ===== ===== ===== ==== ====== ==== =======
Possessive pronouns
P    s   [123]   m    s     -    [nsf]  l     -  moj,moya,moyat
P    s   [123]  [fn]  s     -    [ny]   l     -  moya,moyata,tvoya
P    s   [123]   -    p     -    [ny]   l     -  moi,moite,tvoi
P    s   [123]   -   [sp]   -     -     s     -  mi,ti,mu,j,ni,vi,im

Reflexive pronouns
P    x     -     -    -    [ad]   -   [lsc]   o  sebe,se,si,sebe_si
P    x     -     m    s     -    [nsf]  l     s  svoj,svoyat,svoya
P    x     -    [fn]  s     -    [ny]   l     s  svoya,svoyata
P    x     -     -    p     -    [ny]   l     s  svoi,svoite
P    x     -     -    -     -     -     s     s  si

General pronouns
P    g     -     m    s   [nad]   -     -     o                 1.
P    g     -     m    s     -     -     -     a                 2.
P    g     -    [fn]  s     -     -     -    [oa]               3.
P    g     -     -    p     -     -     -    [oa]               4.
P    g      -    m    s     -    [sf]   -     q                 5.
P    g      -   [fn]  s     -    [ny]   -     q                 6.
P    g      -    -    p     -    [ny]   -     q                 7.
\end{verbatim}

Examples:

1. vseki,vsekigo,vsekimu         \\
2. vsyakakyv                     \\
3. vsyaka,vsyakakva              \\
4. vsyakoi,vsyakakvi             \\
5. vsitchkiya,vsitchikiyat       \\
6. vsitchka,vsitchkata           \\
7. vsitchki,vsitchkite

\begin{verbatim}
3.1.5 Determiners (D)

This class is not relevant for Bulgarian.

3.1.6 Articles (T)

This class is not relevant for Bulgarian.
\end{verbatim}



\begin{verbatim}
3.1.7 Adverbs (R)

Lexicon

= ========== =============== ============ =====
P Attribute   Value           Example      Code
= ========== =============== ============ =====
1 Type        general          tuk          g
              adjectival       umno         a
= ========== =============== ============ =====


Note: Adverbs of type adjectival have the same form as adjectives in
Gender = neuter, Person = 3, Number = singular.

Combinations
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
===== ========= =======================
POS    Type      Example
===== ========= =======================
R        g       tuk, mnogo
R        a       umno, veselo, studeno
===== ========= =======================
\end{verbatim}



\begin{verbatim}
3.1.8 Adpositions (S)

Lexicon

== =========== ============= ============= ======
P  Attribute     Value        Example       Code
== =========== ============= ============= ======
1  Type         preposition   na, v          p
== =========== ============= ============= ======
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
Combinations

=== ===== ===========================================
POS Type   Examples
=== ===== ===========================================
S    p     na, za, v, okolo, spored, pomezhdu, pokraj
=== ===== ===========================================
\end{verbatim}



\begin{verbatim}
3.1.9 Conjunctions (C)

Lexicon

== =========== ============ ============== =====
P  Attribute   Value        Example        Code
== =========== ============ ============== =====
1  Type        coordinat.   a, ala, ili      c
               subordinat.  tche, da         s
-- ----------- ------------ -------------- -----
4  Formation   simple       a, i, tche       s
               compound     i_da, za_da      c
== =========== ============ ============== =====
\end{verbatim}


\begin{verbatim}
Combinations

==================================================================
POS Type Form  Examples
==================================================================
C    c    [sc]  i, a, ami, tche, tyj_tche, nito_pyk, i_tyj
C    s    [sc]  tche,da,kato,i_da,sled_kato,siakash _che,za_da
=================================================================
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
3.1.10 Numerals (M)

Lexicon

= ============= =============== ============ ======
P Attribute      Value           Example      Code
= ============= =============== ============ ======
1 Type           cardinal         edin         c
                 ordinal          vtori        o
- ------------- --------------- ------------ -----
2 Gender         masculine        edin         m
                 feminine         edna         f
                 neuter           edno         n
- ------------- --------------- ------------ -----
3 Number         singular         edin         s
                 plural           edni         p
= ============= =============== ============ =====
7 Definiteness   no               edin         n
                 yes              ednata       y
                 short article    ediniya      s
                 full article     ediniyat     f
- ------------- --------------- ------------ -----
8 Form           digit            1984         d
                 normal           dva          n
  l.spec         m-form           dvama        m
                 approx           stotina      a
- ------------- --------------- ------------ -----
9 Clitic         no               1984         n
                 yes              1984-a       y
= ============= =============== ============ ====

Note: The attribute Number applies only to the cardinal "edin" (one).

\end{verbatim}



\begin{verbatim}

Combinations


=== ===== ====== ===== ===== ==== ====== ==========
POS  Type  Gend  Numb  Def   Form  Clit   Example
=== ===== ====== ===== ===== ==== ====== ==========

Cardinal
M     c     -     -     -      d    n    1984
M     c     m     s    [nsf]   -    -    edin,ediniya,ediniyat
M     c    [fn]   s    [ny]    -    -    edna,ednata,edno,ednoto
M     c     -     p    [ny]    -    -    edni,ednite
M     c    [mfn]  p    [ny]    n    -    dva,dvata,dve,dvete
M     c     m     p    [ny]    m    -    dvama,dvamata,trima
M     c     -     p    [ny]    n    -    tri, trite, chetiri
M     c     -     p    [ny]    a    -    stotina,stotinata

Ordinal
M     o     m     s    [nsf]   d    y    1-vi,1-viya, 1-viyat
M     o    [fn]   s    [ny]    d    y    1-va,1-vata
M     o     -     p    [ny]    d    y    1-vi,1-vite
M     o     m     s    [nsf]   -    -    pyrvi,pyrviya,pyrviyat
M     o    [fn]   s    [ny]    -    -    pyrva,pyrvata
M     o     -     p    [ny]    -    -    pyrvi,pyrvite
\end{verbatim}



\begin{verbatim}

3.1.11 Interjection (I)

Lexicon

= ============ =========== ============ =====
P Attribute     Value       Example      Code
= ============ =========== ============ =====
1 Type          -            -            -
- ------------ ----------- ------------ -----
2 Formation     simple      ah            s
                compound    bozhe moj!    c
= ============ =========== ============ =====
\end{verbatim}


\begin{verbatim}

Combinations

=== ========== =================================================
POS Formation  Examples
=== ========== =================================================
I    s         o, hm-m, ha-ha, ah-lele, uvi
I    c         diavol_da_go_vzeme, ama_rabota, bozhe_moj
================================================================


3.1.12 Unique membership class (U)

None

3.1.13 Residual (X)

Lexicon
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
= ============ ============== ========== =====
P Attribute    Value          Example     Code
= ============ ============== ========== =====
1 Type         foreign words  ad_hoc       w
               symbols        $            s
               formulae       a+b          f
= ============ ============== ========== =====
\end{verbatim}



\begin{verbatim}

Combinations

==== ======= =======================================
POS   Type    Examples
==== ======= =======================================
X     [wsf]   ad_hoc, a_priori, $, &,...
==== ======= =======================================
\end{verbatim}



\begin{verbatim}

3.1.14 Abbreviations (Y)

==== ========================
POS  Examples
==== ========================
Y    t.n., vzh., lat., razg...
==== ========================


Note: As there are no Attributes for Abbreviations, the
      subsection Lexicon is omitted.

\end{verbatim}



\begin{verbatim}
3.1.15 Particle (Q)

Lexicon
= ========== =============== =========== ======
P Attribute   Value           Example     Code
= ========== =============== =========== ======
1 Type        general         a, be,       g
              comparative     po, naj      c
              verbal          da, ste,     v
              negation        ne, ni,      n
              interrogative   li, dali     q
              modal           da, dano     o
- ---------- --------------- ----------- -----
2 Formation   simple          a, ne        s
              compound        hajde_de     c
= ========== =============== =========== ======
\end{verbatim}


\begin{verbatim}

Combinations

=== ============ ======= =======================
POS  Type         Form    Examples
=== ============ ======= =======================
Q    [gm]  -      [sc]    a, be, neka,hajde_de
Q    [cvnq]        s      po, naj, ne, li, nali
=== ============ ======= =======================

Observations

In Bulgarian superlative particles  "po" and "naj" precede
the superlative Forms of adjectives and adverbs:
"po-hubav", "naj-hubav", "po-bavno", "naj-bavno".
\end{verbatim}


\begin{verbatim}

3.1.16 Punctuation

==== ===============
POS   Examples
==== ===============
W      .,;:?!
==== ===============
\end{verbatim}
\newpage
\subsection{Application to Czech}

The application to Czech has been elaborated by Vladimir Petkevic,
Faculty of Philosophy, Charles University, Prague.

\begin{verbatim}

Preliminary notes
-----------------

1. All Czech diacritical characters used have been encoded like this:

a) The Czech 'hachek' diacritic  (\v) over the following characters is
marked by the corresponding  nondiacritic counterpart followed by '<'.
This concerms the characters  c, d, e, n, r, s, t,  z followed by '<'.
For instance: t<

b) Each vowel (a, e, i, o, u, y) can be diacritically marked as to its
quantity  by '  over the  vowel. I  shall mark  it by  ' FOLLOWING the
vowel, e.g. e'.  In addition to ' there exists  also the ring sign (o)
over the letter u. I shall use  this notation: u0. Thus, there are the
following vocal diacritical alternatives:

a' e' i' o' u' u0  y'

2. In the notes, the names for parts of speech and attribute names are
capitalized (e.g. Adverb, Person etc.).


\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
The following parts of speech have been used:

===============  ====
Part-of-Speech   Code

Noun             N
Verb             V
Adjective        A
Pronoun          P
Determiner       D     nonexistent in Czech
Article          T     nonexistent in Czech
Adverb           R
Adposition       S
Conjunction      C
Numeral          M
Particles        Q
Unique           U     not used
Residual         X
Abbreviation     Y
===============  ====


3.2.1. Nouns (N)

================ ============== ================= ======
Attribute        Value          Example           Code
================ ============== ================= ======
Type             common         kniha             c
                 proper         Petr              p
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Gender           masculine      otec              m
                 feminine       kniha             f
                 neuter         slunce            n
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Number           singular       kniha             s
                 plural         knihy             p
            l.s. dual           rukama            d
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Case             nominative     kniha             n
                 genitive       knihy             g
                 dative         knize             d
                 accusative     knihu             a
            l.s. vocative       kniho!            v
            l.s. locative       knize             l
            l.s. instrumental   knihou            i
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Animate     l.s. no             hrad              n
            l.s. yes            otec              y
================ ============== ================= ======

NOTES

1. Czech  distinguishes masculine anim(ate)  and masculine inan(imate)
Gender.  Masculine  inanimate  Nouns  have   the  same  form  for  the
nominative and accusative Case.

2. The dual Number manifests itself  only in instrumental Case of 5 or
6 Nouns (body parts).

3. Czech  distinguishes 7 cases, the  locative Case being obligatorily
prepositional.


Combinations
============

----- ----- ----- ----- --------- ------- ----------------------
Pos   Type  Gend  Numb    Case    Animate Examples
----- ----- ----- ----- --------- ------- ----------------------
 N    [cp]   m    [sp]  [ngdavli]   [ny]  kluk, muz<em, chlapce
 N    [cp]  [fn]  [sp]  [ngdavli]    -    z<ena, kosti, pi'sni'
 N     c    [fn]   d        i        -    rukama, oc<ima
======================================================================


3.2.2. Verbs (V)

================ ============== ================= ======
Attribute        Value          Example           Code
================ ============== ================= ======
Type             main           de<lat              m
                 auxiliary      mi't                a
                 modal          muset               o
                 copula         by't                c
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
VForm            indicative     de<la'm             i
                 imperative     de<lej!             m
                 conditional    by                  c
                 infinitive     de<lat              n
                 participle     de<lal              p
            l.s. transgressive  de<laje, ude<lavs<i r
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Tense            present        de<la'm             p
                 future         budu, pobe<z<i'm    f
                 past           de<lal              s
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Person           first          de<la'm             1
                 second         de<la's<            2
                 third          de<la'              3
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Number           singular       de<la'm             s
                 plural         de<la'me            p
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Gender           masculine      de<lal             m
                 feminine       de<lala            f
                 neuter         de<lalo            n
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Clitic_s    l.s. no             ude<lal            n
            l.s. yes            ude<lals           y
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Voice            active         de<lal             a
                 passive        de<la'n            p
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Negative         no             de<la'm            n
                 yes            nede<la'm          y
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Animate     l.s. no             de<laly            n
            l.s. yes            de<lali            y
================ ============== ================= ======
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
NOTES

1.  The term  transgressive roughly  corresponds to  the term  'verbal
participle'. The transgressives distinguish:

   Number (singular, plural),
   Gender (masculine, non-masculine)
   Tense  (past, present)

The Gender opposition of masculine  animate vs. masculine inanimate is
neutralized in  transgressives; thus, there is  one masculine form and
one non-masculine (conflating feminine and neuter).

2. Gender and Animate values correspond to those associated with Nouns
band  are  necessary  to  account  properly  for  agreement. Gender is
specified  only  for  past  participles,  passive  participles and for
transgressives.

3. Normally, Verbs form the future Tense periphrastically by auxiliary
"by't" (E.  "to be") plus  infinitive of the  Verb. In addition  to the
copula,  there  are,  however,  some  Verbs  which  form  future Tense
non-periphrastically, i.e. synthetically (Verbs of motion).

4. The  'yes' value of  the Clitic_s attribute  denotes a verbal  form
having the clitic morpheme 's' appended as a suffix. This 's' morpheme
expresses  2nd Person  singular present  Tense of  the auxiliary  Verb
"by't" (E. "to  be"). There is no intermediate  hyphen between the Verb
form and the 's' morpheme.

5. Ad verbal negation:

 Two types of forms cannot be negated:
     (i)  conditional forms
     (ii) auxiliary  "by't"  (E. "to  be") if  it forms  the past Tense
          ("ude<lal jsem" vs. ungrammatical  "ude<lal nejsem"; the only
          grammatical negation possible here is "neude<lal jsem").


Combinations
============

----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- -------- ----- ---- ----
Pos   Type   VForm Tense Pers  Numb Gend  Clitic_s Voice Neg  Anim
----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- -------- ----- ---- ----
 V    [maoc]  i      p   [123] [sp]  -      -       a    [ny]  -     1)
 V    [maoc]  m      -     2   [sp]  -      -       a    [ny]  -     2)
 V    [maoc]  m      -     1    p    -      -       a    [ny]  -     3)
 V      c     c      -   [123] [sp]  -      -       -     -    -     4)
 V    [maoc]  n      -     -    -    -      -       -    [ny]  -     5)
 V    [maoc]  i      f   [123] [sp]  -      -       a    [ny]  -     6)
 V    [maoc]  i      s     -    s    m     [ny]     a    [ny]  -     7)
 V    [maoc]  i      s     -    s   [fn]   [ny]     a    [ny]  -     8)
 V    [maoc]  i      s     -    p    m      -       a    [ny] [ny]   9)
 V    [maoc]  i      s     -    p   [fn]    -       a    [ny]  -    10)
 V      m     i      -     -    s   [mfn]  [ny]     p    [ny]  -    11)
 V      m     i      -     -    p    m      -       p    [ny] [ny]  12)
 V      m     i      -     -    p   [fn]    -       p    [ny]  -    13)
 V    [maoc]  r     [sp]   -   [sp] [mfn]    -      a    [ny]  -    14)
----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- -------- ----- ---- ----

Examples:

Ad 1):  de<la', tvor<i'me, chte<ji', nede<la'me, jsme, ma'te, nejsou
Ad 2):  de<lej!, de<lejte!, nede<lej!, bud<!, bud<te!
Ad 3):  de<lejme!, nede<lejme!, bud<me!
Ad 4):  by, bychom
Ad 5):  vytvor<it, nede<lat, by't
Ad 6):  pobe<z<i'me, budu
Ad 7):  de<lal, de<lals, nede<lal, nede<lals, byl, byls
Ad 8):  de<lala, de<lalas, de<lalo, de<lalos, nede<lala, nede<lalas, byla,
        bylas
Ad 9):  de<lali, nede<lali, de<laly, nede<laly, byli, byly
Ad 10): de<laly, nede<laly, de<lala, nede<lala, byly, byla
Ad 11): chycen, chycens, chycena, chycenas, nechycena, nechycenas
Ad 12): chyceni, nechyceni, chyceny, nechyceny
Ad 13): chyceny, nechyceny, chycena, nechycena
Ad 14): ude<lavs<i, neude<lavs<i, de<laji'ce, nede<laji'ce, jsouc, byvs<e
======================================================================


3.2.3. Adjectives (A)

================ ============== ================= ======
Attribute        Value          Example           Code
================ ============== ================= ======
Type             qualificative  dobry'             f
                 possessive     matc<in            s
            l.s. past act part. obepluvs<i'        l
            l.s. passive part.  bity'              v
            l.s. pres.act part. bloudi'ci'         r
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Degree           positive       dobry'             p
                 comparative    leps<i'            c
                 superlative    nejleps<i'         s
- -------------- -------------- -  ----------------- ---
Gender           masculine      dobry'             m
                 feminine       dobra'             f
                 neuter         dobre'             n
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Number           singular       dobry'             s
                 plural         dobr<i'            p
                 dual           dobry'ma           d
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Case             nominative     dobry'             n
                 genitive       dobre'ho           g
                 dative         dobre'mu           d
                 accusative     dobre'ho           a
                 vocative       dobry'!            v
                 locative       dobre'm            l
                 instrumental   dobry'm            i
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Animate          no             dobre'             n
                 yes            dobr<i'            y
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Owner_Gender     masculine anim otcu0v             m
                 feminine       matc<in            f
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Form        l.s. nominal        sta'r              n
            l.s. compound       stary'             c
================ ============== ================= ======
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
NOTES

1. Three  deverbative adjectival participles  are distinguished within
the Type attribute:

   past active participle
   passive participle
   present active participle

2. Only qualitative and passive participle Adjectives can be specified
for Degree and for nominal (short) Form.

3. Gender, Number, Case and  Animate correspond to the same categories
within Nouns. They  are necessary for the proper  account of agreement
of Adjectives with Nouns.

4.  The  Form  attribute  distinguishes  a  nominal  (short) form from
a compound Adjective. The nominal form  can be used in the predicative
function only.

5.   Possessive   Adjectives   distinguish   2   possessor's   genders
(Owner-gender) only: masculine animate and feminine. They have no
degrees of comparison.


Combinations
============

----- ------ ----- ----- ----- --------- ---- ------ ----
Pos   Type   Deg   Gend  Numb  Case      Anim Own_g  Form
----- ------ ----- ----- ----- --------- ---- ------ ----
 A    [fp]  [pcs]   m    [sp]  [ngdavli] [ny]   -     c     1)
 A    [fp]  [pcs]   m    [sp]  [na]       -     -     n     2)
 A    [fp]  [pcs]  [fn]  [sp]  [ngdavli]  -     -     c     3)
 A    [fp]  [pcs]  [fn]  [sp]  [na]       -     -     n     4)
 A    [fp]  [pcs]  [fn]   d     i         -     -     c     5)
 A      s     -    [mfn] [sp]  [ngdavli]  -    [mf]   -     6)
 A      s     -    [fn]   d     i         -    [mf]   -     7)
 A    [rt]    -    [mfn] [sp]  [ngdavli]  -     -     -     8)
 A    [rt]    -    [fn]   d     i         -     -     -     9)
----- ------ ----- ----- ----- --------- ---- ------ ----

Examples:

Ad 1): dobry', zabite'mu, mrtve'ho, leps<i'm
Ad 2): nepochopen, nepochopena, pochopeni
Ad 3): dobra', zabite', mrtve', leps<i'
Ad 4): nepochopena, nepochopenu, pochopeny
Ad 5): leps<i'ma, zabity'ma, nepochopeny'ma
Ad 6): otcu0v, otcove<, matc<ine'mu, matc<ine<
Ad 7): otcovy'ma, matc<iny'ma
Ad 8): bloudi'ci', bloudi'ci'mu
Ad 9): bloudi'ci'ma, bloudi'ci'ma
======================================================================


3.2.4. Pronouns (P)

================ ============== ================= ======
Attribute        Value          Example           Code
=============== ============== ================= ======
Type             personal       ja'                p
                 demonstrative  ten                d
                 indefinite     ns<kdo             i
                 possessive     jeji'              s
                 interrogative  kdo                q
                 relative       jenz<              r
                 reflexive      se                 x
                 negative       nikdo              z
                 total          kaz<dy'            l
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Person           first          ja'                1
                 second         ty                 2
                 third          on                 3
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Gender           masculine      on                 m
                 feminine       ona                f
                 neuter         to                 n
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Number           singular       ty                 s
                 plural         oni                p
            l.s. dual           te<ma              d
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Case             nominative     ty                 n
                 genitive       tebe               g
                 dative         tobe<,ti           d
                 accusative     tebe, te<          a
                 locative       tobe<              l
                 instrumental   tebou              i
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Owner_Gender     singular       mu0j               s
                 plural         jejich             p
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Owner_Number     masculine      jehoz<             m
                 feminine       jeji'hoz<          f
                 neuter         jehoz<             n
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Clitic           no             tobe<              n
                 yes            ti                 y
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Animate          no             ne<j, kter<i'      n
                 yes            ne<ho, ktere'      y
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Reflexivity      yes            svu0j              y
                 no             mu0j               n
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Clitic_s    l.s. no             ty                 n
            l.s. yes            tys,ses            y
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Syntac.Type      nominal        on                 n
                 adjectival     ktery'             a
=============== ============== ================= ======
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
NOTES

1.  Negative  and  "total"  Pronouns  ("total"  Pronouns  concern  the
Pronouns like "vs<ichni" - E. "all",  "kaz<dy'" - E. "every" etc.) are
important from the viewpoint of their syntactic distribution.

2. Gender, Number, Case and  Animate correspond to the same categories
within Nouns. They  are necessary for the proper  account of agreement
of adjectival Pronouns with Nouns.

4.  The  Clitic  attribute   distinguishes  clitical  vs.  nonclitical
pronominal forms, e.g. ti/tobe<.

5. The 'yes' value of the Clitic_s attribute denotes a pronominal form
having  the clitic  morpheme 's'  appended as  a suffix. This morpheme
expresses  2nd Person  singular present  Tense of  the auxiliary  Verb
"by't"  (E. "to  be"). There   is no  intermediate hyphen  between the
Pronoun and the 's' morpheme.

6.  Owner_number and  Owner_gender  concern  the possessor's  number and
gender, respectively.


Combinations
============

---- ---- ---- ----- ---- -------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ------ ----
Pos  Type Pers Gend  Numb   Case   P_N  P_G  Clit Anim Refl Clit_s Synt
---- ---- ---- ----- ---- -------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ------ ----
 P     p   1    -     s   [ngdali]  -    -   [ny]   -    n    n     n    1)
 P     p  [12]  -     p   [ngdali]  -    -    n     -    n    n     n    2)
 P     p   2    -     s   [ngdali]  -    -   [ny]   -    n   [ny]   n    3)
 P     p   3   [mn]   s   [ngdali]  -    -   [ny]   -    n   [ny]   n    4)
 P     p   3    f     s   [ngdali]  -    -    n     -    n   [ny]   n    5)
 P     p   3   [mnf]  p   [ngdali]  -    -    n     -    n   [ny]   n    6)
 P     d   -    m    [sp] [ngdali]  -    -    -   [ny]   -   [ny]  [an]  7)
 P     d   -   [fn]  [sp] [ngdali]  -    -    -     -    -   [ny]  [an]  8)
 P     i   -   [mn]   s   [ngdali]  -    -    -     -    -    -     n    9)
 P     i   -    m    [sp] [ngdali]  -    -    -   [ny]   -    -     a   10)
 P     i   -   [fn]  [sp] [ngdali]  -    -    -     -    -    -     a   11)
 P     i   -   [fn]   d       i     -    -    -     -    -    -     a   12)
 P     s   -    m    [sp] [ngdali] [ny] [ny]  -   [ny]   n   [ny]   a   13)
 P     s   -   [fn]  [sp] [ngdali] [ny] [ny]  -     -    n   [ny]   a   14)
 P     s   -   [fn]   d       i    [ny] [ny]  -     -    n    -     a   15)
 P     s   -    m    [sp] [ngdali]  -    -    -   [ny]   y   [ny]   a   16)
 P     s   -   [fn]  [sp] [ngdali]  -    -    -     -    y    -     a   17)
 P     s   -   [fn]   d       i     -    -    -     -    y    -     a   18)
 P  [qrnl] -   [mn]   s   [ngdali]  -    -    -     -    -   [ny]   n   19)
 P  [qrnl] -    m    [sp] [ngdali]  -    -    -   [ny]   -  [ny]  [an]  20)
 P  [qrnl] -   [fn]  [sp] [ngdali]  -    -    -     -    -   [ny]  [an] 21)
 P  [qrnl] -   [fn]   d       i     -    -    -     -    -   [ny]   a   22)
 P     x   -    -     -   [gdali]   -    -   [ny]   -    -   [ny]   n   23)
---- ---- ---- ----- ---- -------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ------ ----

Examples:

Ad  1): ja', mne
    2): my, vy, va'm, na's
    3): ty, tobe<, tys
    4): on, ne<ho, jeho, mu, ne<mu
    5): ona, ji, ji'
    6): oni, ony, ona,jim
    7): toho, tomu, ten
    8): tu, tou, to
    9): ne<kdo, ne<co, ne<komu
   10): ne<jake'ho, ne<jake'mu
   11): ne<jakou
   12): ne<jaky'ma
   13): me'mu, tve'ho, jeji'ho
   14): tve', tvou, mou
   15): tvy'ma, my'ma
   16): sve'mu, sve'ho
   17): sve'
   18): svy'ma
   19): ktery', ktera', z<a'dny', vs<echen, ktere'mu, jenz<, jez<
   20): kter<i', ktery', vs<em, nijake'mu, z<a'dni', jiz<, jez<
   21): ktere', vs<echny, z<a'dnou, jez<
   22): ktery'ma, vs<ema
   23): se, sebe, si, sobe<


3.2.5. Determiners (D)

This category does not exist in Czech.


3.2.6. Articles (T)

This category does not exist in Czech.


3.2.7. Adverbs (R)

================ ============== ================= ======
Attribute        Value          Example           Code
================ ============== ================= ======
Type             general        dobr<e             g
                 indefinite     ne<kdy             i
                 negative       nikdy              z
                 relative       kde                r
                 interrogative  kde                q
                 total          vs<ude             l
                 demonstrative  tudy               d
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Degree           positive       ma'lo              p
                 comparative    me'ne<             c
                 superlative    nejme'ne<          s
================ ============== ================= ======
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
NOTES

1. We have  specified only one type of  classification here. There can
be other classifications as well:

(a) syntactic: Adverb modifying a Verb
               Adverb modifying an Adjective
               Adverb modifying another Adverb
               Adverb modifying a Noun from the left
               Adverb modifying a Noun from the right

(b) semantic   temporal
               place
               qualitative
               ...

We refrained from this typology here.

2. Particles form  a separate part of speech  category as is customary
in Czech grammars.


Combinations
============

----- --------  ----- ------------------------------------
Pos   Type      Deg   Examples
----- --------  ----- ------------------------------------
 R     g        [pcs] nehezky, slepe<, nejle'pe
 R    [izrqld]    -   tudy, tu, ne<kdy, kde, nikde, vs<ude
==========================================================


3.2.8. Adpositions (S)

================ ============== ================= ======
Attribute        Value          Example           Code
================ ============== ================= ======
Type             preposition    nad               p
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Case             genitive       bez               g
                 dative         proti             d
                 accusative     pro               a
                 locative       o                 l
                 instrumental   s                 i
=========================================================

NOTES

1. Czech has only Prepositions, no postpositions.

2. For the  disambiguation of all words belonging  to declension parts
of speech it seems necessary to include the information about the case
which the Preposition requires.


Combinations
============

----- ----- ------- --------------------------------
Pos   Type   Case   Examples
----- ----- ------- --------------------------------
 S      p   [gdali] k, vc<etne<, s, oproti, di'ky
=====================================================


3.2.9. Conjunctions (C)

================ ============== ================= ======
Attribute        Value          Example           Code
================ ============== ================= ======
Type             coordinating   a                 c
                 subordinating  aby               s
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Person           first          abych             1
                 second         abyste            2
                 third          aby               3
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Number           singular       kdybych           s
                 plural         kdybyste          p
=========================================================

NOTES

1. Conjunctions: "abych", "abys", ...,  "kdybych", ... are composed of
the Conjuunction  "aby" + conditional  particle ("bych", "bys",  "by",
"bychom", "byste",  "by"). These Conjunctions  are therefore specified
for Person and Number for the sake of agreement relation.

2. The class of two-part Conjunctions has not been specified.


Combinations
============

----- ----- ----- ---- -----------------
Pos   Type  Pers  Numb Examples
----- ----- ----- ---- -----------------
 C     c      -     -   a, ale
 C     s      -     -   jak
 C     s    [123] [sp]  abych, kdybyste
=========================================


3.2.10. Numerals (M)

================ ============== ================= ======
Attribute        Value          Example           Code
================ ============== ================= ======
Type             cardinal       dva               c
                 ordinal        pa'ty'            o
            l.s. multiplicative dvakra't          m
            l.s. special        dvoji'            s
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Gender           masculine      dva               m
                 feminine       dve<              f
                 neuter         dve<              n
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Number           singular       druhy'            s
                 plural         druzi'            p
                 dual           druhy'ma          d
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Case             nominative     dva, dve<         n
                 genitive       dvou              g
                 dative         dve<ma            d
                 accusative     dva, dve<         a
                 locative       dvou              l
                 instrumental   dve<ma            i
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Animate          no             pa'te'            n
                 yes            pa'ti'            y
---------------- -------------- ----------------- ------
Class            definite1      jeden             1
                 definite2      dva               2
                 definite34     tr<i              3
                 definite       pe<t              f
                 demonstrative  tolik             d
                 indefinite     ne<kolik          i
                 interrogative  kolik             q
                 relative       kolik             r
================ ============== ================= ======

\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
NOTES

1.  Numerals have  been specified  as a  separate category  because of
their specific syntactic distribution. We have specified two syntactic
bclassifications  by  means  of  the  attributes  Type and Class; they
concern different syntactic distributions.  For instance "ne<kolik" (E.
"several") will be characterized as:

Type:  cardinal
Class: indefinite

2. Among  the definite numbers  there are four  subclasses (definite1,
definite2,  definite34,  definite)  which   differ  in  the  syntactic
distribution and contain the following Numerals:

{1}, {2}, {3,4}, {5,6,...}

3. Gender,  Number and Case  correspond to the  same categories within
Nouns.  They are  necessary for   the proper  account of  agreement of
Numerals with Nouns.


Combinations
============

----- ----- ----- ----- --------- ---- ---------- -----------------------
Pos   Type  Gend  Numb  Case      Anim Class      Examples
----- ----- ----- ----- --------- ---- ---------- -----------------------
 M     c    [mfn]   s   [ngdali]   -     1        jeden, jedni'm
 M     c    [mfn]   p   [ngdali]   -     2        dva, dve<
 M     c      -     p   [ngdali]   -   [345]      tr<emi, pe<t, pe<t
 M     c      -     p    -         -   [ditr]     kolik, kolika, ne<kolika
 M    [os]    m    [sp] [ngdali]  [ny] [1235ditr] pa'ty', kolikere'ho
 M    [os]  [fn]   [sp] [ngdali]   -   [1235ditr] pa'ta', kolikerou
 M    [os]  [fn]    d    i         -   [1235ditr] kolikery'ma
 M     m      -     -    -         -   [1235ditr] dvakra't, ne<kolikra't
=========================================================================


3.2.11. Interjections (I)

================ ============== ================= ======
Attribute        Value          Example           Code
================ ============== ================= ======
                                au!
========================================================


Combinations
============

--- ---------
Pos Examples
--- ---------
 I  au!, je'!
=============

3.2.12. Particles (Q)

================ ============== ================= ======
Attribute        Value          Example           Code
================ ============== ================= ======
                                ano
========================================================


Combinations
============

--- ---------
Pos Examples
--- ---------
 Q  ano, -li
=============


3.2.13. Unique membership class  (U)

No language specific issues here.


3.2.14. Residual (X)

================ ============== =========================== ======
Attribute        Value          Example                     Code
================ ============== =========================== ======
                                numbers, foreign words etc.
=========================================================== ======


Combinations
============

--- -------------
Pos Examples
--- -------------
 X  foreign words
==================


3.2.15. Abbreviations (Y)

================ ============== ================= ======
Attribute        Value          Example           Code
================ ============== ================= ======
                                atd.
========================================================


Combinations
============

--- ---------
Pos Examples
--- ---------
 Y  atd.

\end{verbatim}
\newpage
\subsection{Application to Estonian}
The application to Estonian has been elaborated by H.J. Kaalep.


\begin{verbatim}
Notes:

1. Two tables are provided for every POS: one for definitions and one
for examples. For nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns the table of
examples contains more rows than the table of definitions. This is
because in Estonian there are two equal ways for forming 11-12
plural cases for these POS and I have given them both.

2. The ordering of attributes is the same as in the synoptic
tables of the proposal.


3.4.1 Nouns (N)


Lexicon

P   ATT       VAL         CODE    EXAMPLE

1  Type    common          c      jalg
           proper          p      London

2  Number  singular        s      jalg
           plural          p      jalad

3  Case    nominative      n      jalg
           genitive        g      jala
           partitive       1      jalga
           illative        x      jalasse
           inessive        2      jalas
           elative         e      jalast
           allative        t      jalale
           adessive        3      jalal
           ablative        b      jalalt
           translative     4      jalaks
           terminative     9      jalani
           essive          w      jalana
           abessive        5      jalata
           komitative      k      jalaga
           aditive         7      jalga


Lexicon      Definitions
------------------------------------
Nc-sn        Noun common singular nominative
Nc-sg        Noun common singular genitive
Nc-s1        Noun common singular partitive
Nc-sx        Noun common singular illative
Nc-s2        Noun common singular inessive
Nc-se        Noun common singular elative
Nc-st        Noun common singular allative
Nc-s3        Noun common singular adessive
Nc-sb        Noun common singular ablative
Nc-s4        Noun common singular translative
Nc-s9        Noun common singular terminative
Nc-sw        Noun common singular essive
Nc-s5        Noun common singular abessive
Nc-sk        Noun common singular komitative
Nc-s7        Noun common singular aditive
Nc-pn        Noun common plural nominative
Nc-pg        Noun common plural genitive
Nc-p1        Noun common plural partitive
Nc-px        Noun common plural illative
Nc-p2        Noun common plural inessive
Nc-pe        Noun common plural elative
Nc-pt        Noun common plural allative
Nc-p3        Noun common plural adessive
Nc-pb        Noun common plural ablative
Nc-p4        Noun common plural translative
Nc-p9        Noun common plural terminative
Nc-pw        Noun common plural essive
Nc-p5        Noun common plural abessive
Nc-pk        Noun common plural komitative

Np-sn        Noun proper singular nominative
Np-sg        Noun proper singular genitive
Np-s1        Noun proper singular partitive
Np-sx        Noun proper singular illative
Np-s2        Noun proper singular inessive
Np-se        Noun proper singular elative
Np-st        Noun proper singular allative
Np-s3        Noun proper singular adessive
Np-sb        Noun proper singular ablative
Np-s4        Noun proper singular translative
Np-s9        Noun proper singular terminative
Np-sw        Noun proper singular essive
Np-s5        Noun proper singular abessive
Np-sk        Noun proper singular komitative
Np-s7        Noun proper singular aditive
Np-pn        Noun proper plural nominative
Np-pg        Noun proper plural genitive
Np-p1        Noun proper plural partitive
Np-px        Noun proper plural illative
Np-p2        Noun proper plural inessive
Np-pe        Noun proper plural elative
Np-pt        Noun proper plural allative
Np-p3        Noun proper plural adessive
Np-pb        Noun proper plural ablative
Np-p4        Noun proper plural translative
Np-p9        Noun proper plural terminative
Np-pw        Noun proper plural essive
Np-p5        Noun proper plural abessive
Np-pk        Noun proper plural komitative



Lexicon      Examples
----------------------
Nc-sn        jalg
Nc-sg        jala
Nc-s1        jalga
Nc-sx        jalasse
Nc-s2        jalas
Nc-se        jalast
Nc-st        jalale
Nc-s3        jalal
Nc-sb        jalalt
Nc-s4        jalaks
Nc-s9        jalani
Nc-sw        jalana
Nc-s5        jalata
Nc-sk        jalaga
Nc-s7        jalga
Nc-pn        jalad
Nc-pg        jalgade
Nc-p1        jalgasid
Nc-px        jalgadesse
Nc-p2        jalgades
Nc-pe        jalgadest
Nc-pt        jalgadele
Nc-p3        jalgadel
Nc-pb        jalgadelt
Nc-p4        jalgadeks
Nc-p9        jalgadeni
Nc-pw        jalgadena
Nc-p5        jalgadeta
Nc-pk        jalgadega
Nc-pg        jalge
Nc-p1        jalgu
Nc-px        jalusse
Nc-p2        jalus
Nc-pe        jalust
Nc-pt        jalule
Nc-p3        jalul
Nc-pb        jalult
Nc-p4        jaluks
Nc-p9        jaluni
Nc-pw        jaluna
Nc-p5        jaluta
Nc-pk        jaluga

Np-sn        London
Np-sg        Londoni
Np-s1        Londonit
Np-sx        Londonisse
Np-s2        Londonis
Np-se        Londonist
Np-st        Londonile
Np-s3        Londonil
Np-sb        Londonilt
Np-s4        Londoniks
Np-s9        Londonini
Np-sw        Londonina
Np-s5        Londonita
Np-sk        Londoniga
Np-s7        Londoni
Np-pn        Londonid
Np-pg        Londonite
Np-p1        Londoneid
Np-px        Londonitesse
Np-p2        Londonites
Np-pe        Londonitest
Np-pt        Londonitele
Np-p3        Londonitel
Np-pb        Londonitelt
Np-p4        Londoniteks
Np-p9        Londoniteni
Np-pw        Londonitena
Np-p5        Londoniteta
Np-pk        Londonitega
Np-px        Londoneisse
Np-p2        Londoneis
Np-pe        Londoneist
Np-pt        Londoneile
Np-p3        Londoneil
Np-pb        Londoneilt
Np-p4        Londoneiks
Np-p9        Londoneini
Np-pw        Londoneina
Np-p5        Londoneita
Np-pk        Londoneiga


2. Verbs (V)

2.1. Lexicon

P   ATT     VAL           CODE    EXAMPLE

1  Type    main            m      lugema
           auxilary        a      olema
           modal           o      saama

2  VForm   indicative      i      loen
           imperative      m      loe
           conditional     c      loeksin
           infinitive      n      lugeda
           participle      p      lugev
           gerund          g      lugedes
           supine          s      lugema
           quotative       q      lugevat

3  Tense   present         p      loen
           imperfect       i      lugesin
           past            s      lugenuvat

4  Person  first           1      loen
           second          2      loed
           third           3      loeb

5  Number  singular        s      loen
           plural          p      loeme

7  Voice   active          a      loen
           passive         p      loetakse

8  Negative no             n      loen
            yes            y      (ei) + loeta

9  Case    illative        x      lugema
           inessive        2      lugemas
           elative         e      lugemast
           translative     4      lugemaks
           abessive        5      lugemata

Lexicon      Definition
-----------------------

Vmip1san-   Verb main indic present first singular active afirmative
Vmip2san-   Verb main indic present second singular active afirmative
Vmip3san-   Verb main indic present third singular active afirmative
Vmip1pan-   Verb main indic present first plural active afirmative
Vmip2pan-   Verb main indic present second plural active afirmative
Vmip3pan-   Verb main indic present third plural active afirmative
Vmip--pn-   Verb main indic present passive afirmative
Vmip--py-   Verb main indic present passive negative
Vmii1san-   Verb main indic imperfect first singular active afirmative
Vmii2san-   Verb main indic imperfect second singular active afirmative
Vmii3san-   Verb main indic imperfect third singular active afirmative
Vmii1pan-   Verb main indic imperfect first plural active afirmative
Vmii2pan-   Verb main indic imperfect second plural active afirmative
Vmii3pan-   Verb main indic imperfect third plural active afirmative
Vmii--pn-   Verb main indic imperfect passive afirmative

Vmmp2san-   Verb main imper present second singular active afirmative
Vmmp3san-   Verb main imper present third singular active afirmative
Vmmp1pan-   Verb main imper present first plural active afirmative
Vmmp2pan-   Verb main imper present second plural active afirmative
Vmmp3pan-   Verb main imper present third plural active afirmative
Vmmp--pn-   Verb main imper present passive afirmative

Vmcp1san-   Verb main condit present first singular active afirmative
Vmcp2san-   Verb main condit present second singular active afirmative
Vmcp3san-   Verb main condit present third singular active afirmative
Vmcp1pan-   Verb main condit present first plural active afirmative
Vmcp2pan-   Verb main condit present second plural active afirmative
Vmcp3pan-   Verb main condit present third plural active afirmative
Vmcp--pn-   Verb main condit present passive afirmative
Vmcs1san-   Verb main condit past first singular active afirmative
Vmcs2san-   Verb main condit past second singular active afirmative
Vmcs3san-   Verb main condit past third singular active afirmative
Vmcs1pan-   Verb main condit past first plural active afirmative
Vmcs2pan-   Verb main condit past second plural active afirmative
Vmcs3pan-   Verb main condit past third plural active afirmative
Vmcs--pn-   Verb main condit past passive afirmative
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

Vmn----n-   Verb main infinit

Vmpp--an-   Verb main partic present active afirmative
Vmpp--pn-   Verb main partic present passive afirmative
Vmps--an-   Verb main partic past active afirmative
Vmps--pn-   Verb main partic past passive afirmative

Vmg----n-   Verb main gerund

Vms---anx   Verb main supine active afirmative illative
Vms---an2   Verb main supine active afirmative inessive
Vms---ane   Verb main supine active afirmative elative
Vms---an4   Verb main supine active afirmative translative
Vms---an5   Verb main supine active afirmative abessive
Vms---pn-   Verb main supine passive afirmative

Vmqp1san-   Verb main quotat present first singular active afirmative
Vmqp2san-   Verb main quotat present second singular active afirmative
Vmqp3san-   Verb main quotat present third singular active afirmative
Vmqp1pan-   Verb main quotat present first plural active afirmative
Vmqp2pan-   Verb main quotat present second plural active afirmative
Vmqp3pan-   Verb main quotat present third plural active afirmative
Vmqp--pn-   Verb main quotat present passive afirmative
Vmqs1san-   Verb main quotat past first singular active afirmative
Vmqs2san-   Verb main quotat past second singular active afirmative
Vmqs3san-   Verb main quotat past third singular active afirmative
Vmqs1pan-   Verb main quotat past first plural active afirmative
Vmqs2pan-   Verb main quotat past second plural active afirmative
Vmqs3pan-   Verb main quotat past third plural active afirmative
Vmqs--pn-   Verb main quotat past passive afirmative

Vaip1san-   Verb aux indic present first singular active afirmative
Vaip2san-   Verb aux indic present second singular active afirmative
Vaip3san-   Verb aux indic present third singular active afirmative
Vaip1pan-   Verb aux indic present first plural active afirmative
Vaip2pan-   Verb aux indic present second plural active afirmative
Vaip3pan-   Verb aux indic present third plural active afirmative
Vaip1say-   Verb aux indic present first singular active negative
Vaip2say-   Verb aux indic present second singular active negative
Vaip3say-   Verb aux indic present third singular active negative
Vaip1pay-   Verb aux indic present first plural active negative
Vaip2pay-   Verb aux indic present second plural active negative
Vaip3pay-   Verb aux indic present third plural active negative
Vaip--pn-   Verb aux indic present passive afirmative
Vaip--py-   Verb aux indic present passive negative
Vaii1san-   Verb aux indic imperfect first singular active afirmative
Vaii2san-   Verb aux indic imperfect second singular active afirmative
Vaii3san-   Verb aux indic imperfect third singular active afirmative
Vaii1pan-   Verb aux indic imperfect first plural active afirmative
Vaii2pan-   Verb aux indic imperfect second plural active afirmative
Vaii3pan-   Verb aux indic imperfect third plural active afirmative
Vaii1say-   Verb aux indic imperfect first singular active negative
Vaii2say-   Verb aux indic imperfect second singular active negative
Vaii3say-   Verb aux indic imperfect third singular active negative
Vaii1pay-   Verb aux indic imperfect first plural active negative
Vaii2pay-   Verb aux indic imperfect second plural active negative
Vaii3pay-   Verb aux indic imperfect third plural active negative
Vaii--pn-   Verb aux indic imperfect passive afirmative

Vamp2san-   Verb aux imper present second singular active afirmative
Vamp3san-   Verb aux imper present third singular active afirmative
Vamp1pan-   Verb aux imper present first plural active afirmative
Vamp2pan-   Verb aux imper present second plural active afirmative
Vamp3pan-   Verb aux imper present third plural active afirmative
Vamp--pn-   Verb aux imper present passive afirmative
Vamp2say-   Verb aux imper present second singular active negative
Vamp3say-   Verb aux imper present third singular active negative
Vamp1pay-   Verb aux imper present first plural active negative
Vamp2pay-   Verb aux imper present second plural active negative
Vamp3pay-   Verb aux imper present third plural active negative
Vamp--py-   Verb aux imper present passive negative

Vacp1san-   Verb aux condit present first singular active afirmative
Vacp2san-   Verb aux condit present second singular active afirmative
Vacp3san-   Verb aux condit present third singular active afirmative
Vacp1pan-   Verb aux condit present first plural active afirmative
Vacp2pan-   Verb aux condit present second plural active afirmative
Vacp3pan-   Verb aux condit present third plural active afirmative
Vacp1say-   Verb aux condit present first singular active negative
Vacp2say-   Verb aux condit present second singular active negative
Vacp3say-   Verb aux condit present third singular active negative
Vacp1pay-   Verb aux condit present first plural active negative
Vacp2pay-   Verb aux condit present second plural active negative
Vacp3pay-   Verb aux condit present third plural active negative
Vacp--pn-   Verb aux condit present passive afirmative
Vacs1san-   Verb aux condit past first singular active afirmative
Vacs2san-   Verb aux condit past second singular active afirmative
Vacs3san-   Verb aux condit past third singular active afirmative
Vacs1pan-   Verb aux condit past first plural active afirmative
Vacs2pan-   Verb aux condit past second plural active afirmative
Vacs3pan-   Verb aux condit past third plural active afirmative
Vacs1say-   Verb aux condit past first singular active negative
Vacs2say-   Verb aux condit past second singular active negative
Vacs3say-   Verb aux condit past third singular active negative
Vacs1pay-   Verb aux condit past first plural active negative
Vacs2pay-   Verb aux condit past second plural active negative
Vacs3pay-   Verb aux condit past third plural active negative
Vacs--pn-   Verb aux condit past passive afirmative

Van----n-   Verb aux infinit

Vapp--an-   Verb aux partic present active afirmative
Vapp--pn-   Verb aux partic present passive afirmative
Vaps--an-   Verb aux partic past active afirmative
Vaps--pn-   Verb aux partic past passive afirmative

Vag----n-   Verb aux gerund

Vas---anx   Verb aux supine active afirmative illative
Vas---an2   Verb aux supine active afirmative inessive
Vas---ane   Verb aux supine active afirmative elative
Vas---an4   Verb aux supine active afirmative translative
Vas---an5   Verb aux supine active afirmative abessive
Vas---pn-   Verb aux supine passive afirmative

Vaqp1san-   Verb aux quotat present first singular active afirmative
Vaqp2san-   Verb aux quotat present second singular active afirmative
Vaqp3san-   Verb aux quotat present third singular active afirmative
Vaqp1pan-   Verb aux quotat present first plural active afirmative
Vaqp2pan-   Verb aux quotat present second plural active afirmative
Vaqp3pan-   Verb aux quotat present third plural active afirmative
Vaqp1say-   Verb aux quotat present first singular active negative
Vaqp2say-   Verb aux quotat present second singular active negative
Vaqp3say-   Verb aux quotat present third singular active negative
Vaqp1pay-   Verb aux quotat present first plural active negative
Vaqp2pay-   Verb aux quotat present second plural active negative
Vaqp3pay-   Verb aux quotat present third plural active negative
Vaqp--pn-   Verb aux quotat present passive afirmative
Vaqs1san-   Verb aux quotat past first singular active afirmative
Vaqs2san-   Verb aux quotat past second singular active afirmative
Vaqs3san-   Verb aux quotat past third singular active afirmative
Vaqs1pan-   Verb aux quotat past first plural active afirmative
Vaqs2pan-   Verb aux quotat past second plural active afirmative
Vaqs3pan-   Verb aux quotat past third plural active afirmative
Vaqs--pn-   Verb aux quotat past passive afirmative

Voip1san-   Verb modal indic present first singular active afirmative
Voip2san-   Verb modal indic present second singular active afirmative
Voip3san-   Verb modal indic present third singular active afirmative
Voip1pan-   Verb modal indic present first plural active afirmative
Voip2pan-   Verb modal indic present second plural active afirmative
Voip3pan-   Verb modal indic present third plural active afirmative
Voip--pn-   Verb modal indic present passive afirmative
Voip--py-   Verb modal indic present passive negative
Voii1san-   Verb modal indic imperfect first singular active afirmative
Voii2san-   Verb modal indic imperfect second singular active afirmative
Voii3san-   Verb modal indic imperfect third singular active afirmative
Voii1pan-   Verb modal indic imperfect first plural active afirmative
Voii2pan-   Verb modal indic imperfect second plural active afirmative
Voii3pan-   Verb modal indic imperfect third plural active afirmative
Voii--pn-   Verb modal indic imperfect passive afirmative

Vomp2san-   Verb modal imper present second singular active afirmative
Vomp3san-   Verb modal imper present third singular active afirmative
Vomp1pan-   Verb modal imper present first plural active afirmative
Vomp2pan-   Verb modal imper present second plural active afirmative
Vomp3pan-   Verb modal imper present third plural active afirmative
Vomp--pn-   Verb modal imper present passive afirmative

Vocp1san-   Verb modal condit present first singular active afirmative
Vocp2san-   Verb modal condit present second singular active afirmative
Vocp3san-   Verb modal condit present third singular active afirmative
Vocp1pan-   Verb modal condit present first plural active afirmative
Vocp2pan-   Verb modal condit present second plural active afirmative
Vocp3pan-   Verb modal condit present third plural active afirmative
Vocp--pn-   Verb modal condit present passive afirmative
Vocs1san-   Verb modal condit past first singular active afirmative
Vocs2san-   Verb modal condit past second singular active afirmative
Vocs3san-   Verb modal condit past third singular active afirmative
Vocs1pan-   Verb modal condit past first plural active afirmative
Vocs2pan-   Verb modal condit past second plural active afirmative
Vocs3pan-   Verb modal condit past third plural active afirmative
Vocs--pn-   Verb modal condit past passive afirmative

Von----n-   Verb modal infinit

Vopp--an-   Verb modal partic present active afirmative
Vopp--pn-   Verb modal partic present passive afirmative
Vops--an-   Verb modal partic past active afirmative
Vops--pn-   Verb modal partic past passive afirmative

Vog----n-   Verb modal gerund

Vos---anx   Verb modal supine active afirmative illative
Vos---an2   Verb modal supine active afirmative inessive
Vos---ane   Verb modal supine active afirmative elative
Vos---an4   Verb modal supine active afirmative translative
Vos---an5   Verb modal supine active afirmative abessive
Vos---pn-   Verb modal supine passive afirmative
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

Voqp1san-   Verb modal quotat present first singular active afirmative
Voqp2san-   Verb modal quotat present second singular active afirmative
Voqp3san-   Verb modal quotat present third singular active afirmative
Voqp1pan-   Verb modal quotat present first plural active afirmative
Voqp2pan-   Verb modal quotat present second plural active afirmative
Voqp3pan-   Verb modal quotat present third plural active afirmative
Voqp--pn-   Verb modal quotat present passive afirmative
Voqs1san-   Verb modal quotat past first singular active afirmative
Voqs2san-   Verb modal quotat past second singular active afirmative
Voqs3san-   Verb modal quotat past third singular active afirmative
Voqs1pan-   Verb modal quotat past first plural active afirmative
Voqs2pan-   Verb modal quotat past second plural active afirmative
Voqs3pan-   Verb modal quotat past third plural active afirmative
Voqs--pn-   Verb modal quotat past passive afirmative


2.3. Verbs (V)

Lexicon      Example
---------------------

Vmip1san-    loen
Vmip2san-    loed
Vmip3san-    loeb
Vmip1pan-    loeme
Vmip2pan-    loete
Vmip3pan-    loeVad
Vmip--pn-    loetakse
Vmip--py-    (ei)+loeta
Vmii1san-    lugesin
Vmii2san-    lugesid
Vmii3san-    luges
Vmii1pan-    lugesime
Vmii2pan-    lugesite
Vmii3pan-    lugesid
Vmii--pn-    loeti

Vmmp2san-    loe
Vmmp3san-    lugegu
Vmmp1pan-    lugegem
Vmmp2pan-    lugege
Vmmp3pan-    lugegu
Vmmp--pn-    loetagu

Vmcp1san-    loeksin
Vmcp2san-    loeksid
Vmcp1pan-    loeksime
Vmcp2pan-    loeksite
Vmcp3pan-    loeksid
Vmcp1san-    loeks
Vmcp2san-    loeks
Vmcp3san-    loeks
Vmcp1pan-    loeks
Vmcp2pan-    loeks
Vmcp3pan-    loeks
Vmcp--pn-    loetaks
Vmcs1san-    lugenuksin
Vmcs2san-    lugenuksid
Vmcs1pan-    lugenuksime
Vmcs2pan-    lugenuksite
Vmcs3pan-    lugenuksid
Vmcs1san-    lugenuks
Vmcs2san-    lugenuks
Vmcs3san-    lugenuks
Vmcs1pan-    lugenuks
Vmcs2pan-    lugenuks
Vmcs3pan-    lugenuks
Vmcs--pn-    loetuks

Vmn----n-    lugeda

Vmpp--an-    lugev
Vmpp--pn-    loetav
Vmps--an-    lugenud
Vmps--pn-    loetud

Vmg----n-    lugedes

Vms---anx    lugema
Vms---an2    lugemas
Vms---ane    lugemast
Vms---an4    lugemaks
Vms---an5    lugemata
Vms---pn-    loetama

Vmqp1san-    lugevat
Vmqp2san-    lugevat
Vmqp3san-    lugevat
Vmqp1pan-    lugevat
Vmqp2pan-    lugevat
Vmqp3pan-    lugevat
Vmqp--pn-    loetavat
Vmqs1san-    lugenuvat
Vmqs2san-    lugenuvat
Vmqs3san-    lugenuvat
Vmqs1pan-    lugenuvat
Vmqs2pan-    lugenuvat
Vmqs3pan-    lugenuvat
Vmqs--pn-    loetuvat

Vaip1san-    olen
Vaip2san-    oled
Vaip3san-    on
Vaip1pan-    oleme
Vaip2pan-    olete
Vaip3pan-    on
Vaip1say-    pole
Vaip2say-    pole
Vaip3say-    pole
Vaip1pay-    pole
Vaip2pay-    pole
Vaip3pay-    pole
Vaip--pn-    ollakse
Vaip--py-    (ei)+olda
Vaii1san-    olin
Vaii2san-    olid
Vaii3san-    oli
Vaii1pan-    olime
Vaii2pan-    olite
Vaii3pan-    olid
Vaii1say-    polnud
Vaii2say-    polnud
Vaii3say-    polnud
Vaii1pay-    polnud
Vaii2pay-    polnud
Vaii3pay-    polnud
Vaii--pn-    oldi

Vamp2san-    ole
Vamp3san-    olgu
Vamp1pan-    olgem
Vamp2pan-    olge
Vamp3pan-    olgu
Vamp--pn-    oldagu
Vamp2say-    &auml;ra
Vamp3say-    &auml;rgu
Vamp1pay-    &auml;rgem
Vamp2pay-    &auml;rge
Vamp3pay-    &auml;rgu
Vamp--py-    &auml;rgu

Vacp1san-    oleksin
Vacp2san-    oleksid
Vacp1oan-    oleksime
Vacp2pan-    oleksite
Vacp3pan-    oleksid
Vacp1san-    oleks
Vacp2san-    oleks
Vacp3san-    oleks
Vacp1pan-    oleks
Vacp2pan-    oleks
Vacp3pan-    oleks
Vacp1say-    poleks
Vacp2say-    poleks
Vacp3say-    poleks
Vacp1pay-    poleks
Vacp2pay-    poleks
Vacp3pay-    poleks
Vacp--pn-    oldaks
Vacs1san-    olnuksin
Vacs2san-    olnuksid
Vacs1pan-    olnuksime
Vacs2pan-    olnuksite
Vacs3pan-    olnuksid
Vacs1san-    olnuks
Vacs2san-    olnuks
Vacs3san-    olnuks
Vacs1pan-    olnuks
Vacs2pan-    olnuks
Vacs3pan-    olnuks
Vacs1say-    polnuks
Vacs2say-    polnuks
Vacs3say-    polnuks
Vacs1pay-    polnuks
Vacs2pay-    polnuks
Vacs3pay-    polnuks
Vacs--pn-    olduks

Van----n-    olla

Vapp--an-    olev
Vapp--pn-    oldav
Vaps--an-    olnud
Vaps--pn-    oldud

Vag----n-    olles

Vas---anx    olema
Vas---an2    olemas
Vas---ane    olemast
Vas---an4    olemaks
Vas---an5    olemata
Vas---pn-    oldama
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Vaqp1san-    olevat
Vaqp2san-    olevat
Vaqp3san-    olevat
Vaqp1pan-    olevat
Vaqp2pan-    olevat
Vaqp3pan-    olevat
Vaqp1say-    polevat
Vaqp2say-    polevat
Vaqp3say-    polevat
Vaqp1pay-    polevat
Vaqp2pay-    polevat
Vaqp3pay-    polevat
Vaqp--pn-    oldavat
Vaqs1san-    olnuvat
Vaqs2san-    olnuvat
Vaqs3san-    olnuvat
Vaqs1pan-    olnuvat
Vaqs2pan-    olnuvat
Vaqs3pan-    olnuvat
Vaqs--pn-    olduvat

Voip1san-    saan
Voip2san-    saad
Voip3san-    saab
Voip1pan-    saame
Voip2pan-    saate
Voip3pan-    saavad
Voip--pn-    saadakse
Voip--py-    (ei)+saada
Voii1san-    sain
Voii2san-    said
Voii3san-    sai
Voii1pan-    saime
Voii2pan-    saite
Voii3pan-    said
Voii--pn-    saadi

Vomp2san-    saa
Vomp3san-    saagu
Vomp1pan-    saagem
Vomp2pan-    saage
Vomp3pan-    saagu
Vomp--pn-    saadagu

Vocp1san-    saaksin
Vocp2san-    saaksid
Vocp1oan-    saaksime
Vocp2pan-    saaksite
Vocp3pan-    saaksid
Vocp1san-    saaks
Vocp2san-    saaks
Vocp3san-    saaks
Vocp1pan-    saaks
Vocp2pan-    saaks
Vocp3pan-    saaks
Vocp--pn-    saadaks
Vocs1san-    saanuksin
Vocs2san-    saanuksid
Vocs1pan-    saanuksime
Vocs2pan-    saanuksite
Vocs3pan-    saanuksid
Vocs1san-    saanuks
Vocs2san-    saanuks
Vocs3san-    saanuks
Vocs1pan-    saanuks
Vocs2pan-    saanuks
Vocs3pan-    saanuks
Vocs--pn-    saaduks

Von----n-    saada

Vopp--an-    saav
Vopp--pn-    saadav
Vops--an-    saanud
Vops--pn-    saadud

Vog----n-    saades

Vos---anx    saama
Vos---an2    saamas
Vos---ane    saamast
Vos---an4    saamaks
Vos---an5    saamata
Vos---pn-    saadama

Voqp1san-    saavat
Voqp2san-    saavat
Voqp3san-    saavat
Voqp1pan-    saavat
Voqp2pan-    saavat
Voqp3pan-    saavat
Voqp--pn-    saadavat
Voqs1san-    saanuvat
Voqs2san-    saanuvat
Voqs3san-    saanuvat
Voqs1pan-    saanuvat
Voqs2pan-    saanuvat
Voqs3pan-    saanuvat
Voqs--pn-    saaduvat


3. Adjectives (A)

3.1. Lexicon

P    ATT      VAL         CODE    EXAMPLE

1  Degree  positive        p      oluline
           comparative     c      olulisem
           superlative     s      olulisim

2  Number  singular        s      oluline
           plural          p      olulised

3  Case    nominative      n      oluline
           genitive        g      olulise
           partitive       1      olulist
           illative        x      olulisesse
           inessive        2      olulises
           elative         e      olulisest
           allative        t      olulisele
           adessive        3      olulisel
           ablative        b      oluliselt
           translative     4      oluliseks
           terminative     9      oluliseni
           essive          w      olulisena
           abessive        5      oluliseta
           komitative      k      olulisega
           aditive         7      olulisse


Lexicon  Definitions
------------------------------------
Apsn     Adjective positive singular nominative
Apsg     Adjective positive singular genitive
Aps1     Adjective positive singular partitive
Apsx     Adjective positive singular illative
Aps2     Adjective positive singular inessive
Apse     Adjective positive singular elative
Apst     Adjective positive singular allative
Aps3     Adjective positive singular adessive
Apsb     Adjective positive singular ablative
Aps4     Adjective positive singular translative
Aps9     Adjective positive singular terminative
Apsw     Adjective positive singular essive
Aps5     Adjective positive singular abessive
Apsk     Adjective positive singular komitative
Aps7     Adjective positive singular aditive
Appn     Adjective positive plural nominative
Appg     Adjective positive plural genitive
App1     Adjective positive plural partitive
Appx     Adjective positive plural illative
App2     Adjective positive plural inessive
Appe     Adjective positive plural elative
Appt     Adjective positive plural allative
App3     Adjective positive plural adessive
Appb     Adjective positive plural ablative
App4     Adjective positive plural translative
App9     Adjective positive plural terminative
Appw     Adjective positive plural essive
App5     Adjective positive plural abessive
Appk     Adjective positive plural komitative

Acsn     Adjective comparative singular nominative
Acsg     Adjective comparative singular genitive
Acs1     Adjective comparative singular partitive
Acsx     Adjective comparative singular illative
Acs2     Adjective comparative singular inessive
Acse     Adjective comparative singular elative
Acst     Adjective comparative singular allative
Acs3     Adjective comparative singular adessive
Acsb     Adjective comparative singular ablative
Acs4     Adjective comparative singular translative
Acs9     Adjective comparative singular terminative
Acsw     Adjective comparative singular essive
Acs5     Adjective comparative singular abessive
Acsk     Adjective comparative singular komitative
Acpn     Adjective comparative plural nominative
Acpg     Adjective comparative plural genitive
Acp1     Adjective comparative plural partitive
Acpx     Adjective comparative plural illative
Acp2     Adjective comparative plural inessive
Acpe     Adjective comparative plural elative
Acpt     Adjective comparative plural allative
Acp3     Adjective comparative plural adessive
Acpb     Adjective comparative plural ablative
Acp4     Adjective comparative plural translative
Acp9     Adjective comparative plural terminative
Acpw     Adjective comparative plural essive
Acp5     Adjective comparative plural abessive
Acpk     Adjective comparative plural komitative

Assn     Adjective superlative singular nominative
Assg     Adjective superlative singular genitive
Ass1     Adjective superlative singular partitive
Assx     Adjective superlative singular illative
Ass2     Adjective superlative singular inessive
Asse     Adjective superlative singular elative
Asst     Adjective superlative singular allative
Ass3     Adjective superlative singular adessive
Assb     Adjective superlative singular ablative
Ass4     Adjective superlative singular translative
Ass9     Adjective superlative singular terminative
Assw     Adjective superlative singular essive
Ass5     Adjective superlative singular abessive
Assk     Adjective superlative singular komitative
Aspn     Adjective superlative plural nominative
Aspg     Adjective superlative plural genitive
Asp1     Adjective superlative plural partitive
Aspx     Adjective superlative plural illative
Asp2     Adjective superlative plural inessive
Aspe     Adjective superlative plural elative
Aspt     Adjective superlative plural allative
Asp3     Adjective superlative plural adessive
Aspb     Adjective superlative plural ablative
Asp4     Adjective superlative plural translative
Asp9     Adjective superlative plural terminative
Aspw     Adjective superlative plural essive
Asp5     Adjective superlative plural abessive
Aspk     Adjective superlative plural komitative

\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

3.3. Adjectives (A)

Lexicon  Examples
-----------------------
Apsn    oluline
Apsg    olulise
Aps1    olulist
Apsx    olulisesse
Aps2    olulises
Apse    olulisest
Apst    olulisele
Aps3    olulisel
Apsb    oluliselt
Aps4    oluliseks
Aps9    oluliseni
Apsw    olulisena
Aps5    oluliseta
Apsk    olulisega
Aps7    olulisse
Appn    olulised
Appg    oluliste
App1    olulisi
Appx    olulistesse
App2    olulistes
Appe    olulistest
Appt    olulistele
App3    olulistel
Appb    olulistelt
App4    olulisteks
App9    olulisteni
Appw    olulistena
App5    olulisteta
Appk    olulistega
Appx    olulisisse
App2    olulisis
Appe    olulisist
Appt    olulisile
App3    olulisil
Appb    olulisilt
App4    olulisiks
App9    olulisini
Appw    olulisina
App5    olulisita
Appk    olulisiga

Acsn    olulisem
Acsg    olulisema
Acs1    olulisemat
Acsx    olulisemasse
Acs2    olulisemas
Acse    olulisemast
Acst    olulisemale
Acs3    olulisemal
Acsb    olulisemalt
Acs4    olulisemaks
Acs9    olulisemani
Acsw    olulisemana
Acs5    olulisemata
Acsk    olulisemaga
Acpn    olulisemad
Acpg    olulisemate
Acp1    olulisemaid
Acpx    olulisematesse
Acp2    olulisemates
Acpe    olulisematest
Acpt    olulisematele
Acp3    olulisematel
Acpb    olulisematelt
Acp4    olulisemateks
Acp9    olulisemateni
Acpw    olulisematena
Acp5    olulisemateta
Acpk    olulisematega
Acpx    olulisemaisse
Acp2    olulisemais
Acpe    olulisemaist
Acpt    olulisemaile
Acp3    olulisemail
Acpb    olulisemailt
Acp4    olulisemaiks
Acp9    olulisemaini
Acpw    olulisemaina
Acp5    olulisemaita
Acpk    olulisemaiga

Assn    olulisim
Assg    olulisima
Ass1    olulisimat
Assx    olulisimasse
Ass2    olulisimas
Asse    olulisimast
Asst    olulisimale
Ass3    olulisimal
Assb    olulisimalt
Ass4    olulisimaks
Ass9    olulisimani
Assw    olulisimana
Ass5    olulisimata
Assk    olulisimaga
Aspn    olulisimad
Aspg    olulisimate
Asp1    olulisimaid
Aspx    olulisimatesse
Asp2    olulisimates
Aspe    olulisimatest
Aspt    olulisimatele
Asp3    olulisimatel
Aspb    olulisimatelt
Asp4    olulisimateks
Asp9    olulisimateni
Aspw    olulisimatena
Asp5    olulisimateta
Aspk    olulisimatega
Aspx    olulisimaisse
Asp2    olulisimais
Aspe    olulisimaist
Aspt    olulisimaile
Asp3    olulisimail
Aspb    olulisimailt
Asp4    olulisimaiks
Asp9    olulisimaini
Aspw    olulisimaina
Asp5    olulisimaita
Aspk    olulisimaiga


4. Pronouns (P)

4.1. Lexicon

P   ATT      VAL          CODE    EXAMPLE

1  Type    personal        p      mina
           demonstrative   d      selline
           indefinite      i      mingi
           possessive      s      iseenese
           interrogative   t      milline
           relative        r      milline
           reflexive       x      iseenda
           reciprocal      l      teineteise
           determinal      m      ise

2  Person  first           1      mina
           second          2      sina
           third           3      tema

3  Number  singular        s      mina
           plural          p      meie

4  Case    nominative      n      mina
           genitive        g      minu
           partitive       1      mind
           illative        x      minusse
           inessive        2      minus
           elative         e      minust
           allative        t      minule
           adessive        3      minul
           ablative        b      minult
           translative     4      minuks
           terminative     9      minuni
           essive          w      minuna
           abessive        5      minuta
           komitative      k      minuga
           aditive         7      sellisse

Lexicon  Definitions
------------------------------------
Pp1sn     Pronoun personal first singular nominative
Pp1sg     Pronoun personal first singular genitive
Pp1s1     Pronoun personal first singular partitive
Pp1sx     Pronoun personal first singular illative
Pp1s2     Pronoun personal first singular inessive
Pp1se     Pronoun personal first singular elative
Pp1st     Pronoun personal first singular allative
Pp1s3     Pronoun personal first singular adessive
Pp1sb     Pronoun personal first singular ablative
Pp1s4     Pronoun personal first singular translative
Pp1s9     Pronoun personal first singular terminative
Pp1sw     Pronoun personal first singular essive
Pp1s5     Pronoun personal first singular abessive
Pp1sk     Pronoun personal first singular komitative
Pp1pn     Pronoun personal first plural nominative
Pp1pg     Pronoun personal first plural genitive
Pp1p1     Pronoun personal first plural partitive
Pp1px     Pronoun personal first plural illative
Pp1p2     Pronoun personal first plural inessive
Pp1pe     Pronoun personal first plural elative
Pp1pt     Pronoun personal first plural allative
Pp1p3     Pronoun personal first plural adessive
Pp1pb     Pronoun personal first plural ablative
Pp1p4     Pronoun personal first plural translative
Pp1p9     Pronoun personal first plural terminative
Pp1pw     Pronoun personal first plural essive
Pp1p5     Pronoun personal first plural abessive
Pp1pk     Pronoun personal first plural komitative

Pp2sn     Pronoun personal second singular nominative
Pp2sg     Pronoun personal second singular genitive
Pp2s1     Pronoun personal second singular partitive
Pp2sx     Pronoun personal second singular illative
Pp2s2     Pronoun personal second singular inessive
Pp2se     Pronoun personal second singular elative
Pp2st     Pronoun personal second singular allative
Pp2s3     Pronoun personal second singular adessive
Pp2sb     Pronoun personal second singular ablative
Pp2s4     Pronoun personal second singular translative
Pp2s9     Pronoun personal second singular terminative
Pp2sw     Pronoun personal second singular essive
Pp2s5     Pronoun personal second singular abessive
Pp2sk     Pronoun personal second singular komitative
Pp2pn     Pronoun personal second plural nominative
Pp2pg     Pronoun personal second plural genitive
Pp2p1     Pronoun personal second plural partitive
Pp2px     Pronoun personal second plural illative
Pp2p2     Pronoun personal second plural inessive
Pp2pe     Pronoun personal second plural elative
Pp2pt     Pronoun personal second plural allative
Pp2p3     Pronoun personal second plural adessive
Pp2pb     Pronoun personal second plural ablative
Pp2p4     Pronoun personal second plural translative
Pp2p9     Pronoun personal second plural terminative
Pp2pw     Pronoun personal second plural essive
Pp2p5     Pronoun personal second plural abessive
Pp2pk     Pronoun personal second plural komitative
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

Pp3sn     Pronoun personal third singular nominative
Pp3sg     Pronoun personal third singular genitive
Pp3s1     Pronoun personal third singular partitive
Pp3sx     Pronoun personal third singular illative
Pp3s2     Pronoun personal third singular inessive
Pp3se     Pronoun personal third singular elative
Pp3st     Pronoun personal third singular allative
Pp3s3     Pronoun personal third singular adessive
Pp3sb     Pronoun personal third singular ablative
Pp3s4     Pronoun personal third singular translative
Pp3s9     Pronoun personal third singular terminative
Pp3sw     Pronoun personal third singular essive
Pp3s5     Pronoun personal third singular abessive
Pp3sk     Pronoun personal third singular komitative
Pp3pn     Pronoun personal third plural nominative
Pp3pg     Pronoun personal third plural genitive
Pp3p1     Pronoun personal third plural partitive
Pp3px     Pronoun personal third plural illative
Pp3p2     Pronoun personal third plural inessive
Pp3pe     Pronoun personal third plural elative
Pp3pt     Pronoun personal third plural allative
Pp3p3     Pronoun personal third plural adessive
Pp3pb     Pronoun personal third plural ablative
Pp3p4     Pronoun personal third plural translative
Pp3p9     Pronoun personal third plural terminative
Pp3pw     Pronoun personal third plural essive
Pp3p5     Pronoun personal third plural abessive
Pp3pk     Pronoun personal third plural komitative

Pd-sn     Pronoun demonstrative singular nominative
Pd-sg     Pronoun demonstrative singular genitive
Pd-s1     Pronoun demonstrative singular partitive
Pd-sx     Pronoun demonstrative singular illative
Pd-s2     Pronoun demonstrative singular inessive
Pd-se     Pronoun demonstrative singular elative
Pd-st     Pronoun demonstrative singular allative
Pd-s3     Pronoun demonstrative singular adessive
Pd-sb     Pronoun demonstrative singular ablative
Pd-s4     Pronoun demonstrative singular translative
Pd-s9     Pronoun demonstrative singular terminative
Pd-sw     Pronoun demonstrative singular essive
Pd-s5     Pronoun demonstrative singular abessive
Pd-sk     Pronoun demonstrative singular komitative
Pd-s7     Pronoun demonstrative singular aditive
Pd-pn     Pronoun demonstrative plural nominative
Pd-pg     Pronoun demonstrative plural genitive
Pd-p1     Pronoun demonstrative plural partitive
Pd-px     Pronoun demonstrative plural illative
Pd-p2     Pronoun demonstrative plural inessive
Pd-pe     Pronoun demonstrative plural elative
Pd-pt     Pronoun demonstrative plural allative
Pd-p3     Pronoun demonstrative plural adessive
Pd-pb     Pronoun demonstrative plural ablative
Pd-p4     Pronoun demonstrative plural translative
Pd-p9     Pronoun demonstrative plural terminative
Pd-pw     Pronoun demonstrative plural essive
Pd-p5     Pronoun demonstrative plural abessive
Pd-pk     Pronoun demonstrative plural komitative

Pi---     Pronoun indefinite
Pi-sn     Pronoun indefinite singular nominative
Pi-sg     Pronoun indefinite singular genitive
Pi-s1     Pronoun indefinite singular partitive
Pi-sx     Pronoun indefinite singular illative
Pi-s2     Pronoun indefinite singular inessive
Pi-se     Pronoun indefinite singular elative
Pi-st     Pronoun indefinite singular allative
Pi-s3     Pronoun indefinite singular adessive
Pi-sb     Pronoun indefinite singular ablative
Pi-s4     Pronoun indefinite singular translative
Pi-s9     Pronoun indefinite singular terminative
Pi-sw     Pronoun indefinite singular essive
Pi-s5     Pronoun indefinite singular abessive
Pi-sk     Pronoun indefinite singular komitative
Pi-pn     Pronoun indefinite plural nominative
Pi-pg     Pronoun indefinite plural genitive
Pi-p1     Pronoun indefinite plural partitive
Pi-px     Pronoun indefinite plural illative
Pi-p2     Pronoun indefinite plural inessive
Pi-pe     Pronoun indefinite plural elative
Pi-pt     Pronoun indefinite plural allative
Pi-p3     Pronoun indefinite plural adessive
Pi-pb     Pronoun indefinite plural ablative
Pi-p4     Pronoun indefinite plural translative
Pi-p9     Pronoun indefinite plural terminative
Pi-pw     Pronoun indefinite plural essive
Pi-p5     Pronoun indefinite plural abessive
Pi-pk     Pronoun indefinite plural komitative

Ps---     Pronoun possessive
Ps-sn     Pronoun possessive singular nominative
Ps-sg     Pronoun possessive singular genitive
Ps-s1     Pronoun possessive singular partitive
Ps-sx     Pronoun possessive singular illative
Ps-s2     Pronoun possessive singular inessive
Ps-se     Pronoun possessive singular elative
Ps-st     Pronoun possessive singular allative
Ps-s3     Pronoun possessive singular adessive
Ps-sb     Pronoun possessive singular ablative
Ps-s4     Pronoun possessive singular translative
Ps-s9     Pronoun possessive singular terminative
Ps-sw     Pronoun possessive singular essive
Ps-s5     Pronoun possessive singular abessive
Ps-sk     Pronoun possessive singular komitative
Ps-pn     Pronoun possessive plural nominative
Ps-pg     Pronoun possessive plural genitive
Ps-p1     Pronoun possessive plural partitive
Ps-px     Pronoun possessive plural illative
Ps-p2     Pronoun possessive plural inessive
Ps-pe     Pronoun possessive plural elative
Ps-pt     Pronoun possessive plural allative
Ps-p3     Pronoun possessive plural adessive
Ps-pb     Pronoun possessive plural ablative
Ps-p4     Pronoun possessive plural translative
Ps-p9     Pronoun possessive plural terminative
Ps-pw     Pronoun possessive plural essive
Ps-p5     Pronoun possessive plural abessive
Ps-pk     Pronoun possessive plural komitative

Pt-sn     Pronoun interrogative singular nominative
Pt-sg     Pronoun interrogative singular genitive
Pt-s1     Pronoun interrogative singular partitive
Pt-sx     Pronoun interrogative singular illative
Pt-s2     Pronoun interrogative singular inessive
Pt-se     Pronoun interrogative singular elative
Pt-st     Pronoun interrogative singular allative
Pt-s3     Pronoun interrogative singular adessive
Pt-sb     Pronoun interrogative singular ablative
Pt-s4     Pronoun interrogative singular translative
Pt-s9     Pronoun interrogative singular terminative
Pt-sw     Pronoun interrogative singular essive
Pt-s5     Pronoun interrogative singular abessive
Pt-sk     Pronoun interrogative singular komitative
Pt-pn     Pronoun interrogative plural nominative
Pt-pg     Pronoun interrogative plural genitive
Pt-p1     Pronoun interrogative plural partitive
Pt-px     Pronoun interrogative plural illative
Pt-p2     Pronoun interrogative plural inessive
Pt-pe     Pronoun interrogative plural elative
Pt-pt     Pronoun interrogative plural allative
Pt-p3     Pronoun interrogative plural adessive
Pt-pb     Pronoun interrogative plural ablative
Pt-p4     Pronoun interrogative plural translative
Pt-p9     Pronoun interrogative plural terminative
Pt-pw     Pronoun interrogative plural essive
Pt-p5     Pronoun interrogative plural abessive
Pt-pk     Pronoun interrogative plural komitative

Pr-sn     Pronoun relative singular nominative
Pr-sg     Pronoun relative singular genitive
Pr-s1     Pronoun relative singular partitive
Pr-sx     Pronoun relative singular illative
Pr-s2     Pronoun relative singular inessive
Pr-se     Pronoun relative singular elative
Pr-st     Pronoun relative singular allative
Pr-s3     Pronoun relative singular adessive
Pr-sb     Pronoun relative singular ablative
Pr-s4     Pronoun relative singular translative
Pr-s9     Pronoun relative singular terminative
Pr-sw     Pronoun relative singular essive
Pr-s5     Pronoun relative singular abessive
Pr-sk     Pronoun relative singular komitative
Pr-pn     Pronoun relative plural nominative
Pr-pg     Pronoun relative plural genitive
Pr-p1     Pronoun relative plural partitive
Pr-px     Pronoun relative plural illative
Pr-p2     Pronoun relative plural inessive
Pr-pe     Pronoun relative plural elative
Pr-pt     Pronoun relative plural allative
Pr-p3     Pronoun relative plural adessive
Pr-pb     Pronoun relative plural ablative
Pr-p4     Pronoun relative plural translative
Pr-p9     Pronoun relative plural terminative
Pr-pw     Pronoun relative plural essive
Pr-p5     Pronoun relative plural abessive
Pr-pk     Pronoun relative plural komitative

Px-sg     Pronoun reflexive singular genitive
Px-s1     Pronoun reflexive singular partitive
Px-sx     Pronoun reflexive singular illative
Px-s2     Pronoun reflexive singular inessive
Px-se     Pronoun reflexive singular elative
Px-st     Pronoun reflexive singular allative
Px-s3     Pronoun reflexive singular adessive
Px-sb     Pronoun reflexive singular ablative
Px-s4     Pronoun reflexive singular translative
Px-s9     Pronoun reflexive singular terminative
Px-sw     Pronoun reflexive singular essive
Px-s5     Pronoun reflexive singular abessive
Px-sk     Pronoun reflexive singular komitative
Px-pg     Pronoun reflexive plural genitive
Px-p1     Pronoun reflexive plural partitive
Px-px     Pronoun reflexive plural illative
Px-p2     Pronoun reflexive plural inessive
Px-pe     Pronoun reflexive plural elative
Px-pt     Pronoun reflexive plural allative
Px-p3     Pronoun reflexive plural adessive
Px-pb     Pronoun reflexive plural ablative
Px-p4     Pronoun reflexive plural translative
Px-p9     Pronoun reflexive plural terminative
Px-pw     Pronoun reflexive plural essive
Px-p5     Pronoun reflexive plural abessive
Px-pk     Pronoun reflexive plural komitative
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

Py-sg     Pronoun reciprocal singular genitive
Py-s1     Pronoun reciprocal singular partitive
Py-sx     Pronoun reciprocal singular illative
Py-s2     Pronoun reciprocal singular inessive
Py-se     Pronoun reciprocal singular elative
Py-st     Pronoun reciprocal singular allative
Py-s3     Pronoun reciprocal singular adessive
Py-sb     Pronoun reciprocal singular ablative
Py-s4     Pronoun reciprocal singular translative
Py-s9     Pronoun reciprocal singular terminative
Py-sw     Pronoun reciprocal singular essive
Py-s5     Pronoun reciprocal singular abessive
Py-sk     Pronoun reciprocal singular komitative
Py-pg     Pronoun reciprocal plural genitive
Py-p1     Pronoun reciprocal plural partitive
Py-px     Pronoun reciprocal plural illative
Py-p2     Pronoun reciprocal plural inessive
Py-pe     Pronoun reciprocal plural elative
Py-pt     Pronoun reciprocal plural allative
Py-p3     Pronoun reciprocal plural adessive
Py-pb     Pronoun reciprocal plural ablative
Py-p4     Pronoun reciprocal plural translative
Py-p9     Pronoun reciprocal plural terminative
Py-pw     Pronoun reciprocal plural essive
Py-p5     Pronoun reciprocal plural abessive
Py-pk     Pronoun reciprocal plural komitative

Pm-sn     Pronoun determinal singular nominative
Pm-sg     Pronoun determinal singular genitive
Pm-s1     Pronoun determinal singular partitive
Pm-sx     Pronoun determinal singular illative
Pm-s2     Pronoun determinal singular inessive
Pm-se     Pronoun determinal singular elative
Pm-st     Pronoun determinal singular allative
Pm-s3     Pronoun determinal singular adessive
Pm-sb     Pronoun determinal singular ablative
Pm-s4     Pronoun determinal singular translative
Pm-s9     Pronoun determinal singular terminative
Pm-sw     Pronoun determinal singular essive
Pm-s5     Pronoun determinal singular abessive
Pm-sk     Pronoun determinal singular komitative
Pm-pn     Pronoun determinal plural nominative
Pm-pg     Pronoun determinal plural genitive
Pm-p1     Pronoun determinal plural partitive
Pm-px     Pronoun determinal plural illative
Pm-p2     Pronoun determinal plural inessive
Pm-pe     Pronoun determinal plural elative
Pm-pt     Pronoun determinal plural allative
Pm-p3     Pronoun determinal plural adessive
Pm-pb     Pronoun determinal plural ablative
Pm-p4     Pronoun determinal plural translative
Pm-p9     Pronoun determinal plural terminative
Pm-pw     Pronoun determinal plural essive
Pm-p5     Pronoun determinal plural abessive
Pm-pk     Pronoun determinal plural komitative


4.3. Pronouns (P)

Lexicon  Examples
------------------------------------
Pp1sn   mina
Pp1sg   minu
Pp1s1   mind
Pp1sx   minusse
Pp1s2   minus
Pp1se   minust
Pp1st   minule
Pp1s3   minul
Pp1sb   minult
Pp1s4   minuks
Pp1s9   minuni
Pp1sw   minuna
Pp1s5   minuta
Pp1sk   minuga
Pp1pn   meie
Pp1pg   meie
Pp1p1   meid
Pp1px   meisse
Pp1p2   meis
Pp1pe   meist
Pp1pt   meile
Pp1p3   meil
Pp1pb   meilt
Pp1p4   meieks
Pp1p9   meieni
Pp1pw   meiena
Pp1p5   meieta
Pp1pk   meiega

Pp2sn   sina
Pp2sg   sinu
Pp2s1   sind
Pp2sx   sinusse
Pp2s2   sinus
Pp2se   sinust
Pp2st   sinule
Pp2s3   sinul
Pp2sb   sinult
Pp2s4   sinuks
Pp2s9   sinuni
Pp2sw   sinuna
Pp2s5   sinuta
Pp2sk   sinuga
Pp2pn   teie
Pp2pg   teie
Pp2p1   teid
Pp2px   teisse
Pp2p2   teis
Pp2pe   teist
Pp2pt   teile
Pp2p3   teil
Pp2pb   teilt
Pp2p4   teieks
Pp2p9   teieni
Pp2pw   teiena
Pp2p5   teieta
Pp2pk   teiega

Pp3sn   tema
Pp3sg   tema
Pp3s1   teda
Pp3sx   temasse
Pp3s2   temas
Pp3se   temast
Pp3st   temale
Pp3s3   temal
Pp3sb   temalt
Pp3s4   temaks
Pp3s9   temani
Pp3sw   temana
Pp3s5   temata
Pp3sk   temaga
Pp3pn   nemad
Pp3pg   nende
Pp3p1   neid
Pp3px   nendesse
Pp3p2   nendes
Pp3pe   nendest
Pp3pt   nendele
Pp3p3   nendel
Pp3pb   nendelt
Pp3p4   nendeks
Pp3p9   nendeni
Pp3pw   nendena
Pp3p5   nendeta
Pp3pk   nendega
Pp3px   neisse
Pp3p2   neis
Pp3pe   neist
Pp3pt   neile
Pp3p3   neil
Pp3pb   neilt
Pp3p4   neiks

Pd-sn   selline
Pd-sg   sellise
Pd-s1   sellist
Pd-sx   sellisesse
Pd-s2   sellises
Pd-se   sellisest
Pd-st   sellisele
Pd-s3   sellisel
Pd-sb   selliselt
Pd-s4   selliseks
Pd-s9   selliseni
Pd-sw   sellisena
Pd-s5   selliseta
Pd-sk   sellisega
Pd-s7   sellisse
Pd-pn   sellised
Pd-pg   selliste
Pd-p1   selliseid
Pd-px   sellistesse
Pd-p2   sellistes
Pd-pe   sellistest
Pd-pt   sellistele
Pd-p3   sellistel
Pd-pb   sellistelt
Pd-p4   sellisteks
Pd-p9   sellisteni
Pd-pw   sellistena
Pd-p5   sellisteta
Pd-pk   sellistega
Pd-px   selliseisse
Pd-p2   selliseis
Pd-pe   selliseist
Pd-pt   selliseile
Pd-p3   selliseil
Pd-pb   selliseilt
Pd-p4   selliseiks
Pd-p9   selliseini
Pd-pw   selliseina
Pd-p5   selliseita
Pd-pk   selliseiga
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Pi---   muist
Pi-sn   mingi
Pi-sg   mingi
Pi-s1   mingit
Pi-sx   mingisse
Pi-s2   mingis
Pi-se   mingist
Pi-st   mingile
Pi-s3   mingil
Pi-sb   mingilt
Pi-s4   mingiks
Pi-s9   mingini
Pi-sw   mingina
Pi-s5   mingita
Pi-sk   mingiga
Pi-pn   mingid
Pi-pg   mingite
Pi-p1   mingeid
Pi-px   mingitesse
Pi-p2   mingites
Pi-pe   mingitest
Pi-pt   mingitele
Pi-p3   mingitel
Pi-pb   mingitelt
Pi-p4   mingiteks
Pi-p9   mingiteni
Pi-pw   mingitena
Pi-p5   mingiteta
Pi-pk   mingitega
Pi-px   mingeisse
Pi-p2   mingeis
Pi-pe   mingeist
Pi-pt   mingeile
Pi-p3   mingeil
Pi-pb   mingeilt
Pi-p4   mingeiks
Pi-p9   mingeini
Pi-pw   mingeina
Pi-p5   mingeita
Pi-pk   mingeiga

Ps---   oma
Ps-sg   iseenese
Ps-s1   iseennast
Ps-sx   iseenesesse
Ps-s2   iseeneses
Ps-se   iseenesest
Ps-st   iseenesele
Ps-s3   iseenesel
Ps-sb   iseeneselt
Ps-s4   iseeneseks
Ps-s9   iseeneseni
Ps-sw   iseenesena
Ps-s5   iseeneseta
Ps-sk   iseenesega
Ps-pg   iseeneste
Ps-p1   iseendid
Ps-px   iseenestesse
Ps-p2   iseenestes
Ps-pe   iseenestest
Ps-pt   iseenestele
Ps-p3   iseenestel
Ps-pb   iseenestelt
Ps-p4   iseenesteks
Ps-p9   iseenesteni
Ps-pw   iseenestena
Ps-p5   iseenesteta
Ps-pk   iseenestega

Pt-sn   milline
Pt-sg   millise
Pt-s1   millist
Pt-sx   millisesse
Pt-s2   millises
Pt-se   millisest
Pt-st   millisele
Pt-s3   millisel
Pt-sb   milliselt
Pt-s4   milliseks
Pt-s9   milliseni
Pt-sw   millisena
Pt-s5   milliseta
Pt-sk   millisega
Pt-pn   millised
Pt-pg   milliste
Pt-p1   milliseid
Pt-px   millistesse
Pt-p2   millistes
Pt-pe   millistest
Pt-pt   millistele
Pt-p3   millistel
Pt-pb   millistelt
Pt-p4   millisteks
Pt-p9   millisteni
Pt-pw   millistena
Pt-p5   millisteta
Pt-pk   millistega
Pt-px   milliseisse
Pt-p2   milliseis
Pt-pe   milliseist
Pt-pt   milliseile
Pt-p3   milliseil
Pt-pb   milliseilt
Pt-p4   milliseiks
Pt-p9   milliseini
Pt-pw   milliseina
Pt-p5   milliseita
Pt-pk   milliseiga

Pr-sn   milline
Pr-sg   millise
Pr-s1   millist
Pr-sx   millisesse
Pr-s2   millises
Pr-se   millisest
Pr-st   millisele
Pr-s3   millisel
Pr-sb   milliselt
Pr-s4   milliseks
Pr-s9   milliseni
Pr-sw   millisena
Pr-s5   milliseta
Pr-sk   millisega
Pr-pn   millised
Pr-pg   milliste
Pr-p1   milliseid
Pr-px   millistesse
Pr-p2   millistes
Pr-pe   millistest
Pr-pt   millistele
Pr-p3   millistel
Pr-pb   millistelt
Pr-p4   millisteks
Pr-p9   millisteni
Pr-pw   millistena
Pr-p5   millisteta
Pr-pk   millistega
Pr-px   milliseisse
Pr-p2   milliseis
Pr-pe   milliseist
Pr-pt   milliseile
Pr-p3   milliseil
Pr-pb   milliseilt
Pr-p4   milliseiks
Pr-p9   milliseini
Pr-pw   milliseina
Pr-p5   milliseita
Pr-pk   milliseiga

Px-sg   iseenda
Px-s1   iseend
Px-sx   iseendasse
Px-s2   iseendas
Px-se   iseendast
Px-st   iseendale
Px-s3   iseendal
Px-sb   iseendalt
Px-s4   iseendaks
Px-s9   iseendani
Px-sw   iseendana
Px-s5   iseendata
Px-sk   iseendaga
Px-pg   iseendi
Px-p1   iseendid
Px-px   iseendisse
Px-p2   iseendis
Px-pe   iseendist
Px-pt   iseendile
Px-p3   iseendil
Px-pb   iseendilt
Px-p4   iseendiks
Px-p9   iseendini
Px-pw   iseendina
Px-p5   iseendita
Px-pk   iseendiga

Py-sg   teineteise
Py-s1   teineteist
Py-sx   teineteisesse
Py-s2   teineteises
Py-se   teineteisest
Py-st   teineteisele
Py-s3   teineteisel
Py-sb   teineteiselt
Py-s4   teineteiseks
Py-s9   teineteiseni
Py-sw   teineteisena
Py-s5   teineteiseta
Py-sk   teineteisega
Py-pg   teineteiste
Py-p1   teineteisi
Py-px   teineteistesse
Py-p2   teineteistes
Py-pe   teineteistest
Py-pt   teineteistele
Py-p3   teineteistel
Py-pb   teineteistelt
Py-p4   teineteisteks
Py-p9   teineteisteni
Py-pw   teineteistena
Py-p5   teineteisteta
Py-pk   teineteistega
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Pm-sn   ise
Pm-sg   enda
Pm-s1   end
Pm-sx   endasse
Pm-s2   endas
Pm-se   endast
Pm-st   endale
Pm-s3   endal
Pm-sb   endalt
Pm-s4   endaks
Pm-s9   endani
Pm-sw   endana
Pm-s5   endata
Pm-sk   endaga
Pm-pn   ise
Pm-pg   endi
Pm-p1   endid
Pm-px   endisse
Pm-p2   endis
Pm-pe   endist
Pm-pt   endile
Pm-p3   endil
Pm-pb   endilt
Pm-p4   endiks
Pm-p9   endini
Pm-pw   endina
Pm-p5   endita
Pm-pk   endiga


5.2. Determiners (D)

(No determiners in Estonian)

6.2. Atricles (T)

(No articles in Estonian)


7. Adverbs (R)


P   ATT      VAL          CODE    EXAMPLE

1                                 asjatult


Lexicon  Definitions
-----------------------------------
R        Adverb


7.3. Adverbs (R)

Lexicon  Examples
-----------------------------------
R        asjatult



8. Adposition (S)

8.1. Lexicon

P    ATT      VAL         CODE    EXAMPLE

1   Type   preposition     p      enne
           postposition    t      kaudu


Lexicon  Definitions
-----------------------------------
Sp       Adposition preposition
St       Adposition postposition


8.3. Adpositions (S)

Lexicon  Examples
-----------------------------------
Sp       enne
St       kaudu


9. Conjunctions (C)

9.1. Lexicon

P   ATT      VAL          CODE    EXAMPLE

1  Type  coordinating      c      ja
         subordinating     s      et

Lexicon  Definitions
-----------------------------------
Cc       Conjuction coordinating
Cs       Conjuction subordinating


9.2. Conjuctions (C)

Lexicon  Examples
-----------------------------------
Cc       ja
Cs       et


10. Numerals (M)

10.1. Lexicon

P   ATT      VAL          CODE    EXAMPLE

1  Type    cardinal        c      kaheksa
           ordinal         o      kaheksas

2  Number  singular        s      kaheksa
           plural          p      kaheksad

3  Case    nominative      n      kaheksa
           genitive        g      kaheksa
           partitive       1      kaheksat
           illative        x      kaheksasse
           inessive        2      kaheksas
           elative         e      kaheksast
           allative        t      kaheksale
           adessive        3      kaheksal
           ablative        b      kaheksalt
           translative     4      kaheksaks
           terminative     9      kaheksani
           essive          w      kaheksana
           abessive        5      kaheksata
           komitative      k      kaheksaga
           aditive         7      viite


Lexicon  Definitions
------------------------------------
Mcsn     Numeral cardinal singular nominative
Mcsg     Numeral cardinal singular genitive
Mcs1     Numeral cardinal singular partitive
Mcsx     Numeral cardinal singular illative
Mcs2     Numeral cardinal singular inessive
Mcse     Numeral cardinal singular elative
Mcst     Numeral cardinal singular allative
Mcs3     Numeral cardinal singular adessive
Mcsb     Numeral cardinal singular ablative
Mcs4     Numeral cardinal singular translative
Mcs9     Numeral cardinal singular terminative
Mcsw     Numeral cardinal singular essive
Mcs5     Numeral cardinal singular abessive
Mcsk     Numeral cardinal singular komitative
Mcs7     Numeral cardinal singular aditive
Mcpn     Numeral cardinal plural nominative
Mcpg     Numeral cardinal plural genitive
Mcp1     Numeral cardinal plural partitive
Mcpx     Numeral cardinal plural illative
Mcp2     Numeral cardinal plural inessive
Mcpe     Numeral cardinal plural elative
Mcpt     Numeral cardinal plural allative
Mcp3     Numeral cardinal plural adessive
Mcpb     Numeral cardinal plural ablative
Mcp4     Numeral cardinal plural translative
Mcp9     Numeral cardinal plural terminative
Mcpw     Numeral cardinal plural essive
Mcp5     Numeral cardinal plural abessive
Mcpk     Numeral cardinal plural komitative

Mosn     Numeral ordinal singular nominative
Mosg     Numeral ordinal singular genitive
Mos1     Numeral ordinal singular partitive
Mosx     Numeral ordinal singular illative
Mos2     Numeral ordinal singular inessive
Mose     Numeral ordinal singular elative
Most     Numeral ordinal singular allative
Mos3     Numeral ordinal singular adessive
Mosb     Numeral ordinal singular ablative
Mos4     Numeral ordinal singular translative
Mos9     Numeral ordinal singular terminative
Mosw     Numeral ordinal singular essive
Mos5     Numeral ordinal singular abessive
Mosk     Numeral ordinal singular komitative
Mopn     Numeral ordinal plural nominative
Mopg     Numeral ordinal plural genitive
Mop1     Numeral ordinal plural partitive
Mopx     Numeral ordinal plural illative
Mop2     Numeral ordinal plural inessive
Mope     Numeral ordinal plural elative
Mopt     Numeral ordinal plural allative
Mop3     Numeral ordinal plural adessive
Mopb     Numeral ordinal plural ablative
Mop4     Numeral ordinal plural translative
Mop9     Numeral ordinal plural terminative
Mopw     Numeral ordinal plural essive
Mop5     Numeral ordinal plural abessive
Mopk     Numeral ordinal plural komitative


10.2. Numerals (M)

Lexicon  Examples
-----------------------
Mcsn    kaheksa
Mcsg    kaheksa
Mcs1    kaheksat
Mcsx    kaheksasse
Mcs2    kaheksas
Mcse    kaheksast
Mcst    kaheksale
Mcs3    kaheksal
Mcsb    kaheksalt
Mcs4    kaheksaks
Mcs9    kaheksani
Mcsw    kaheksana
Mcs5    kaheksata
Mcsk    kaheksaga
Mcs7    viite
Mcpn    kaheksad
Mcpg    kaheksate
Mcp1    kaheksaid
Mcpx    kaheksatesse
Mcp2    kaheksates
Mcpe    kaheksatest
Mcpt    kaheksatele
Mcp3    kaheksatel
Mcpb    kaheksatelt
Mcp4    kaheksateks
Mcp9    kaheksateni
Mcpw    kaheksatena
Mcp5    kaheksateta
Mcpk    kaheksatega
Mcpx    kaheksaisse
Mcp2    kaheksais
Mcpe    kaheksaist
Mcpt    kaheksaile
Mcp3    kaheksail
Mcpb    kaheksailt
Mcp4    kaheksaiks
Mcp9    kaheksaini
Mcpw    kaheksaina
Mcp5    kaheksaita
Mcpk    kaheksaiga

Mosn    kaheksas
Mosg    kaheksanda
Mos1    kaheksandat
Mosx    kaheksandasse
Mos2    kaheksandas
Mose    kaheksandast
Most    kaheksandale
Mos3    kaheksandal
Mosb    kaheksandalt
Mos4    kaheksandaks
Mos9    kaheksandani
Mosw    kaheksandana
Mos5    kaheksandata
Mosk    kaheksandaga
Mopn    kaheksandad
Mopg    kaheksandate
Mop1    kaheksandaid
Mopx    kaheksandatesse
Mop2    kaheksandates
Mope    kaheksandatest
Mopt    kaheksandatele
Mop3    kaheksandatel
Mopb    kaheksandatelt
Mop4    kaheksandateks
Mop9    kaheksandateni
Mopw    kaheksandatena
Mop5    kaheksandateta
Mopk    kaheksandatega
Mopx    kaheksandaisse
Mop2    kaheksandais
Mope    kaheksandaist
Mopt    kaheksandaile
Mop3    kaheksandail
Mopb    kaheksandailt
Mop4    kaheksandaiks
Mop9    kaheksandaini
Mopw    kaheksandaina
Mop5    kaheksandaita
Mopk    kaheksandaiga
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

11. Interjections (I)

11.1. Lexicon

P   ATT      VAL          CODE    EXAMPLE

1                                 oi


Lexicon  Definitions
-----------------------------------
I        Interjection


11.3. Interjections (I)

Lexicon  Examples
-----------------------------------
I        oi


12.2. Unique (U)

(No examples)


13.2. Residual (X)

(No examples)


14. Abreviations (Y)

14.1. Lexicon

P    ATT     VAL          CODE    EXAMPLE

1  Number  singular        s      CD
           plural          p      CDd

2  Case    nominative      n      CD
           genitive        g      CD
           partitive       1      CDd
           illative        x      CDsse
           inessive        2      CDs
           elative         e      CDst
           allative        t      CDle
           adessive        3      CDl
           ablative        b      CDlt
           translative     4      CDks
           terminative     9      CDni
           essive          w      CDna
           abessive        5      CDta
           komitative      k      CDga


Lexicon  Definitions
------------------------------------
Ysn     Abbreviation singular nominative
Ysg     Abbreviation singular genitive
Ys1     Abbreviation singular partitive
Ysx     Abbreviation singular illative
Ys2     Abbreviation singular inessive
Yse     Abbreviation singular elative
Yst     Abbreviation singular allative
Ys3     Abbreviation singular adessive
Ysb     Abbreviation singular ablative
Ys4     Abbreviation singular translative
Ys9     Abbreviation singular terminative
Ysw     Abbreviation singular essive
Ys5     Abbreviation singular abessive
Ysk     Abbreviation singular komitative
Ypn     Abbreviation plural nominative
Ypg     Abbreviation plural genitive
Yp1     Abbreviation plural partitive
Ypx     Abbreviation plural illative
Yp2     Abbreviation plural inessive
Ype     Abbreviation plural elative
Ypt     Abbreviation plural allative
Yp3     Abbreviation plural adessive
Ypb     Abbreviation plural ablative
Yp4     Abbreviation plural translative
Yp9     Abbreviation plural terminative
Ypw     Abbreviation plural essive
Yp5     Abbreviation plural abessive
Ypk     Abbreviation plural komitative


14.3. Abbreviations (Y)

Lexicon  Examples
-----------------------------------
Ysn      CD
Ysg      CD
Ys1      CDd
Ysx      CDsse
Ys2      CDs
Yse      CDst
Yst      CDle
Ys3      CDl
Ysb      CDlt
Ys4      CDks
Ys9      CDni
Ysw      CDna
Ys5      CDta
Ysk      CDga
Ypn      CDd
Ypg      CDde
Yp1      CDsid
Ypx      CDdesse
Yp2      CDdes
Ype      CDdest
Ypt      CDdele
Yp3      CDdel
Ypb      CDdelt
Yp4      CDdeks
Yp9      CDdeni
Ypw      CDdena
Yp5      CDdeta
Ypk      CDdega


15.2. Particle (Q)

(No examples)


16.2. Punctuation (W)

\end{verbatim}
\newpage

\subsection{Application to Hungarian}

The application to Hungarian has been elaborated by L. Tihany and J.
Pajzs.\\

\begin{verbatim}
3.4.1. Noun (N)
= =========== =========== =  ====================
P ATT         VAL         C  Example
= =========== =========== =  ====================
1 Type        common      c  asztal
              proper      p  Ferenc
- ----------- ----------- -
2 Gender                  -
- ----------- ----------- -
3 Number      singular    s  asztal
              plural      p  asztal
- ----------- ----------- -
4 Case        nominative  n  asztal
              genitive    g  asztalnak
              dative      d  asztalnak
              accusative  a  asztalt
             instrumental i  asztallal
              illative    x  asztalba
              inessive    2  asztalban
              elative     e  asztalbo/l
              allative    t  asztalhoz
              adessive    3  asztalna/l
              ablative    b  asztalto/l
              terminative 9  asztalig
              essive      w  asztalul
              temporalis  m  ebe/dkor
              causalis    c  asztale/rt
              sublative   s  asztalra
              delative    h  asztalro/l
              sociative   q  asztalostul
              factive     y  asztalla/
              superessive p  asztalon
             distributive u  asztalonke/nt
          essive formalis f  asztalke/nt
- ----------- ----------- -
5 Clitics                 -
- ----------- ----------- -
6 Definitness             -
- ----------- ----------- -
7 Animate     no          n  asztal
              yes         y  asztalos
- ----------- ----------- -
8 OwnerNumber singular    s  asztalom
              plural      p  asztalunk
- ----------- ----------- -
9 OwnerPerson first       1  asztalom
              second      2  asztalod
              third       3  asztala
------------- ----------- -
10 OwnedNumber singular   s asztale/
               plural     p asztale/i
= ==========  =========== =

Notes:

1. Gender:
Not applicable to Hungarian.

2. Numbers:
Hungarian has three types of number in the nominal inflection:
1. The number of the noun.
2. The number of owners that own the noun.
3. The number of the context given referent, which is some possession
of the noun, i.e. belongs to the noun (anaphoric possessive).


3. Genitive is rarely marked in Hungarian. If marked then with the same
suffix as that of dative case.
Nouns with zero suffix can be nominative or genitive, so they are ambigious.

4. Common Hungarian nouns can have
   2(Number)*7(OwnerPerson,OwnerNumber)*3(OwnedNumber)*22(Case)=1324
   different forms.

5. The usage of -szerte[SZERTE] meaning 'many places around' is restricted
   so we do not take it as a regular case ending. The same stands for
   '-lag/-leg' marked with [LAG], e.g. 'ha/zilag' means (made) at home.



Combinations:
0   1    3    4                        7     8        9         10
--- ---- ---- ------------------------ ----  -------- --------- --------
Pos Type Num  Case                     Anim  OwnerNum OwnerPers OwnedNum
--- ---- ---- ------------------------ ----  -------- --------- --------
 N  [cp] [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf] [yn]  [sp]     [123]     [sp]



Examples on Combinations:

a) Combinations on Number, OwnerNumber, OwnerPerson and OwnedNumber:

01234567890
Nc-sn--n---  asztal[N]                          table
Nc-sn--n--s  asztal[N]+e/[POS]                  thing of the table
Nc-sn--n--p  asztal[N]+e/i[POSi]                things of the table
Nc-sn--ns1-  asztal[N]+om[PSe1]                 my table
Nc-sn--ns1s  asztal[N]+om[PSe1]+e/[POS]         thing of my table
Nc-sn--ns1p  asztal[N]+om[PSe1]+e/i[POSi]       things of my table
Nc-sn--ns2-  asztal[N]+od[PSe2]                 your table
Nc-sn--ns2s  asztal[N]+od[PSe2]+e/[POS]         thing of your table
Nc-sn--ns2p  asztal[N]+od[PSe2]+e/i[POSi]       things of your table
Nc-sn--ns3-  asztal[N]+a[PSe3]                  his/her table
Nc-sn--ns3s  asztal[N]+a/[PSe3]+e/[POS]         thing of his/her table
Nc-sn--ns3p  asztal[N]+a/[PSe3]+e/i[POSi]       things of his/her table
Nc-sn--np1-  asztal[N]+unk[PSt1]                our table
Nc-sn--np1s  asztal[N]+unk[PSt1]+e/[POS]        thing of our table
Nc-sn--np1p  asztal[N]+unk[PSt1]+e/i[POSi]      things of our table
Nc-sn--np2-  asztal[N]+otok[PSt2]               your table
Nc-sn--np2s  asztal[N]+otok[PSt2]+e/[POS]       thing of your table
Nc-sn--np2p  asztal[N]+otok[PSt2]+e/i[POSi]     things of your table
Nc-sn--np3-  asztal[N]+uk[PSt2]                 their table
Nc-sn--np3s  asztal[N]+uk[PSt2]+e/[POS]         thing of their table
Nc-sn--np3p  asztal[N]+uk[PSt2]+e/i[POSi]       things of their table
Nc-pn--n---  asztal[N]+ok[PL]                   tables
Nc-pn--n--s  asztal[N]+ok[PL]+e/[POS]           thing of the tables
Nc-pn--n--p  asztal[N]+ok[PL]+e/i[POSi]         things of the tables
Nc-pn--ns1-  asztal[N]+aim[PSe1i]               my tables
Nc-pn--ns1s  asztal[N]+aim[PSe1i]+e/[POS]       thing of my tables
Nc-pn--ns1p  asztal[N]+aim[PSe1i]+e/i[POSi]     things of my tables
Nc-pn--ns2-  asztal[N]+aid[PSe2i]               your tables
Nc-pn--ns2s  asztal[N]+aid[PSe2i]+e/[POS]       thing of your tables
Nc-pn--ns2p  asztal[N]+aid[PSe2i]+e/i[POSi]     things of your tables
Nc-pn--ns3-  asztal[N]+ai[PSe3i]                his/her tables
Nc-pn--ns3s  asztal[N]+ai[PSe3i]+e/[POS]        thing of his/her tables
Nc-pn--ns3p  asztal[N]+ai[PSe3i]+e/i[POSi]      things of his/her tables
Nc-pn--np1-  asztal[N]+aink[PSt1i]              our tables
Nc-pn--np1s  asztal[N]+aink[PSt1i]+e/[POS]      thing of our tables
Nc-pn--np1p  asztal[N]+aink[PSt1i]+e/i[POSi]    things of our tables
Nc-pn--np2-  asztal[N]+aitok[PSt2i]             your tables
Nc-pn--np2s  asztal[N]+aitok[PSt2i]+e/[POS]     thing of your tables
Nc-pn--np2p  asztal[N]+aitok[PSt2i]+e/i[POSi]   things of your tables
Nc-pn--np3-  asztal[N]+aik[PSt3i]               their tables
Nc-pn--np3s  asztal[N]+aik[PSt3i]+e/[POS]       thing of their tables
Nc-pn--np3p  asztal[N]+aik[PSt3i]+e/i[POSi]     things of their tables
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
b) Combinations on Case :

         Examples:                   Meaning:
01234567890
Nc-sn------  asztal[N]              The table is new.
Nc-sg------  asztal[N]+nak[GEN]     The leg of the table is red.
Nc-sd------  asztal[N]+nak[DAT]     It gives a new look to the table.
Nc-sa------  asztal[N]+t[ACC]       I see the table.
Nc-si------  asztal[N]+lal[INS]     Do something with the table.
Nc-sx------  asztal[N]+ba[ILL]      She put it into the table.
Nc-s2------  asztal[N]+ban[INE]     He keeps it in this table.
Nc-se------  asztal[N]+bo/l[ELA]    She took it out from this table.
Nc-st------  asztal[N]+hoz[ALL]     Go to the table.
Nc-s3------  asztal[N]+na/l[ADE]    At the table there is a chair.
Nc-sb------  asztal[N]+to/l[ABL]    She came from the table.
Nc-s9------  asztal[N]+ig[TER]      Go as far as the table.
Nc-sw------  asztal[N]+ul[ESS]      The plate served us as a table.
Nc-sm------  hat[N]+kor[TEM]        We arrived at six.
Nc-sc------  asztal[N]+e/rt[CAU]    We do it for the table.
Nc-ss------  asztal[N]+ra[SUB]      Put it onto the table.
Nc-sh------  asztal[N]+ro/l[DEL]    Talk about the table.
Nc-sq------  asztal[N]+ostul[SOC]   It is sold together with the table.
Nc-sy------  asztal[N]+la/[FAC]     Soon it became a table.
Nc-sp------  asztal[N]+on[SUP]      The cat sits on the table.
Nc-su------  asztal[N]+onke/nt[DIS] We collected 10 forints in each table.
Nc-sf------  asztal[N]+ke/nt[FOR]   As a table it is not usable.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.4.2. Verbs (V)
= ============ =========== =
P ATT          VAL         C
= ============ =========== =
1 Type         main        m
               auxiliary   a
- ------------ ----------- -
2 Mood/Vform   indicative  i
               imperative  m
               conditional c
               infinitive  n
- ------------ ----------- -
3 Tense        present     p
               past        s
- ------------ ----------- -
4 Person       first       1
               second      2
               third       3
- ------------ ----------- -
5 Number       singular    s
               plural      p
- ------------ ----------- -
6 Gender                   -
- ------------ ----------- -
7 Clitic                   -
- ------------ ----------- -
8 Clitic-s                 -
- ------------ ----------- -
9 Voice                    -
- ------------ ----------- -
10Negative                 -
- ------------ ----------- -
11Case                     -
- ------------ ----------- -
12Definitness  no          n
               yes         y
               1s2s        2
- ------------ ----------- -
13Animate                  -
= =========== ============ =

Notes:

1. 1s2s is a special form for definitness, in which the speaker's person is
first singular (I) and the target of the transitivity is second singular
(you).

2. A Hungarian verb has
3(Person)*2(Number)*4(Present indicative, Present imperativ,
Present conditional,Past indicative)*2(Transitivity)
+4(1s2s)+7(Infinitive)=59 different forms.

Combinations:
--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----------
Pos Type VForm Tense Person Number Definitness
--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----------
 V   m   i     [ps] [123]   [sp]   [yn]
 V   m   c     p    [123]   [sp]   [yn]
 V   m   m     p    [123]   [sp]   [yn]
 V   m   i     [ps] 1       s      2
 V   m   [cm]  p    1       s      2
 V   m   n     -    -       -      -
 V   m   n     p    [123]   [sp]   -
 V   a   i     p    [123]   [sp]   n
--- ---- ----- ----- ------ ------ -----------

Examples on Combinations:

Vmip1s------n-   tanul[V]+ok[e1]                 I learn (a)
Vmip2s------n-   tanul[V]+sz[e2]                 you learn (a)
Vmip3s------n-   tanul[V]                        she learns (a)
Vmip1p------n-   tanul[V]+unk[t1]                we learn (a)
Vmip2p------n-   tanul[V]+tok[t2]                you learn  (a)
Vmip3p------n-   tanul[V]+nak[t3]                they learn (a)
Vmip1s------y-   tanul[V]+om[Te1]                I learn (the)
Vmip2s------y-   tanul[V]+od[Te2]                you learn (the)
Vmip3s------y-   tanul[V]+ja[Te3]                she learns (the)
Vmip1p------y-   tanul[V]+juk[Tt1]               we learn (the)
Vmip2p------y-   tanul[V]+ja/tok[Tt2]            you learn  (the)
Vmip3p------y-   tanul[V]+ja/k[Tt3]              they learn (the)
Vmis1s------n-   tanul[V]+tam[Me1]               I learnt (a)
Vmis2s------n-   tanul[V]+ta/l[Me2]              you learnt (a)
Vmis3s------n-   tanul[V]+t[Me3]                 she learnt (a)
Vmis1p------n-   tanul[V]+tunk[Mt1]              we learnt (a)
Vmis2p------n-   tanul[V]+tatok[Mt2]             you learnt  (a)
Vmis3p------n-   tanul[V]+tak[Mt3]               they learnt (a)
Vmis1s------y-   tanul[V]+tam[TMe1]              I learnt (the)
Vmis2s------y-   tanul[V]+tad[TMe2]              you learnt (the)
Vmis3s------y-   tanul[V]+ta[TMe3]               she learnt (the)
Vmis1p------y-   tanul[V]+tuk[TMt1]              we learnt (the)
Vmis2p------y-   tanul[V]+ta/tok[TMt2]           you learnt  (the)
Vmis3p------y-   tanul[V]+ta/k[TMt3]             they learnt (the)

Vmcp1s------n-   tanul[V]+ne/k[Fe1]              (if) I learnt (a)
Vmcp2s------n-   tanul[V]+na/l[Fe2]              (if) you learnt (a)
Vmcp3s------n-   tanul[V]+na[Fe3]                      (if) she learnt (a)
Vmcp1p------n-   tanul[V]+na/nk[Ft1]             (if) we learnt (a)
Vmcp2p------n-   tanul[V]+na/tok[Ft2]            (if) you learnt  (a)
Vmcp3p------n-   tanul[V]+na/nak[Ft3]            (if) they learnt (a)
Vmcp1s------y-   tanul[V]+na/m[TFe1]             (if) I learnt (the)
Vmcp2s------y-   tanul[V]+na/d[TFe2]             (if) you learnt (the)
Vmcp3s------y-   tanul[V]+na/[TFe3]              (if) she learnt (the)
Vmcp1p------y-   tanul[V]+na/nk[TFt1]            (if) we learnt (the)
Vmcp2p------y-   tanul[V]+na/tok[TFt2]           (if) you learnt  (the)
Vmcp3p------y-   tanul[V]+na/k[TFt3]             (if) they learnt (the)

Vmmp1s------n-   tanul[V]+jak[Pe1]               (let) me learn (a)
Vmmp2s------n-   tanul[V]+ja/l[Pe2]              (let) you learn (a)
Vmmp3s------n-   tanul[V]+jon[Pe3]               (let) she learn (a)
Vmmp1p------n-   tanul[V]+junk[Pt1]              (let) we learn (a)
Vmmp2p------n-   tanul[V]+jatok[Pt2]             (let) you learn  (a)
Vmmp3p------n-   tanul[V]+janak[Pt3]             (let) they learn (a)
Vmmp1s------y-   tanul[V]+jam[TPe1]              (let) me learn (the)
Vmmp2s------y-   tanul[V]+jad[TPe2]              (let) you learn (the)
Vmmp3s------y-   tanul[V]+ja[TPe3]               (let) she learn (the)
Vmmp1p------y-   tanul[V]+juk[TPt1]              (let) we learn (the)
Vmmp2p------y-   tanul[V]+ja/tok[TPt2]           (let) you learn  (the)
Vmmp3p------y-   tanul[V]+ja/k[TPt3]             (let) they learn (the)

Vmip1s------2-   tanul[V]+lak[Ie1]               I learn you
Vmis1s------2-   tanul[V]+talak[IMe1]            I learnt you
Vmcp1s------2-   tanul[V]+na/lak[IFe1]           (if) I learnt you
Vmmp1s------2-   tanul[V]+jalak[IPe1]            (let) me learn you

Vmn-----------   tanul[V]+ni[INF]                to learn
Vmnp1s--------   tanul[V]+nom[INRe1]             for me to learn
Vmnp2s--------   tanul[V]+nod[INRe2]             for you to learn
Vmnp3s--------   tanul[V]+nia[INRe3]             for her to learn
Vmnp1p--------   tanul[V]+nunk[INRt1]            for us to learn
Vmnp2p--------   tanul[V]+notok[INRt2]           for you to learn
Vmnp3p--------   tanul[V]+niuk[INRt3]            for them to learn
Vaip1s--------   fog[V]+ok[e1]                   I shall
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

3.4.3 Adjectives  (A)
= =========== =========== =
P ATT         VAL         C
= =========== =========== =
1 Type      qualificative f
- ----------- ----------- -
2 Degree      positive    p
              comparative c
              superlative s
- ----------- ----------- -
3 Gender                  -
- ----------- ----------- -
2 Number      singular    s
              plural      p
- ----------- ----------- -
5 Case
see at 1. (Nouns)
- ----------- ----------- -
6 Clitics                 -
- ----------- ----------- -
7 Definite                -
- ----------- ----------- -
8 Animate     no          n
              yes         y
- ----------- ----------- -
9 Onwer_Gender            -
- ----------- ----------- -
10Form                    -
- ----------- ----------- -
11 OwnerNumber singular   s
               plural     p
- ----------- ----------- -
12 OwnerPerson first      1
              second      2
              third       3
- ----------- ----------- -
13 OwnedNumber singular   s
               plural     p
= ==========  =========== =

Notes:

1. Adjectives have the same suffixes that Nouns have plus Degree.
Thus the number of possibble forms is 3*924=2772.

2. Types like ordinal and cardinal are grouped as numerals.

Combinations:
--- ---- ----- ---- ------------------------ ----  -------- --------- --------
Pos Type Degr  Num  Case                     Anim  OwnerNum OwnerPers OwnedNum
--- ---- ----- ---- ------------------------ ----  -------- --------- --------
 A  f    [pcs] [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf] [yn]  [sp]     [123]     [sp]
--- ---- ----- ---- ------------------------ ----  -------- --------- --------

Examples on Combinations:

012345678901234
Afp-sn---------    nagy[A]                           big, great
Afc-sn---------    nagy[A]+obb[FOK]                  bigger
Afs-sn---------    leg[FF]+nagy[A]+obb[FOK]          biggest
Afs-sn------p1s    leg[FF]+nagy[A]+obb[FOK]+aink[PSt1i]+e/[POS]
                                             sg that our greatest (heroes) have
Afp-sw---------    magyar[A]+ul[ESSMOD]              in Hungarian


4.3.4 Pronouns (P)
= =========== =========== =
P ATT         VAL         C
= =========== =========== =
1 Type        personal    p
            demonstrative d
              indefinite  i
              possesive   s
            interrogative q
              relative    r
              reflexive   x
              reciprocal  y
- ----------- ----------- -
2 Person      first       1
              second      2
              third       3
- ----------- ----------- -
3 Gender                  -
- ----------- ----------- -
4 Number      singular    s
              plural      p
- ----------- ----------- -
5 Case
see at 1. (Nouns)
- ----------- ----------- -
6 Owner_Number   singular       s  x   x   x           x
                 plural         p  x   x   x           x
                 dual           d      x
                 n              n                      x
- ----------- ----------- -
7-19 Not applicable to Hungarian
- ----------- ----------- -
20OwnedNumber singular   s
              plural     p
= =========== =========== =
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Combinations:
--- ---- ----- ---- ------------------------  --------
Pos Type Pers  Num  Case                      OwnedNum
--- ---- ----- ---- ------------------------  --------
 P  [px] [123] [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf]  [sp]
 P    y     3   p   [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf]  [sp]
 P    s  [123] [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf]  -
 P [diqr]  3   [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf]  [sp]

Examples on combinations:

012345678901234567890
Pp1-s----------------         e/n[P]                   I
Pp1-s---------------p         eny?eauteim[]            my things (plural)
Pd3-s----------------         ez[P]                    this
Pi3-s----------------         minden[P]                every
Ps1-s----------------         e/n[P]=enye/m+[POS]      my
Pq3-s----------------         ki[P]                    who (in questions)
Pr3-s----------------         aki[P]                   who (relative)
Px3-s----------------         maga[P]                  himself
Pp3-p----------------         ti[P]                    you
Pp3-p---------------s         tietek[P]                your something
Pp3-p---------------s         tieteke/[P]              your something
Py3-p----------------         egyma/s[P]               each other


3.4.5 Determiners
= =========== =========== =
P ATT         VAL         C
= =========== =========== =
1 Type                    -
= =========== =========== =

1. Determiners are not applicable to Hungarian.
   These are expressed by suffixes.

3.4.6 Articles

= =========== =========== =
P ATT         VAL         C
= =========== =========== =
1 Type        definite    f
              indefinite  i
- ----------- ----------- -
2 Gender                  -
- ----------- ----------- -
3 Number                  -
- ----------- ----------- -
4 Case                    -
- ----------- ----------- -
5 Def.Art                 -
= =========== =========== =

Notes:   We have tree articles: a, az and egy.
These may not have number and case. The word 'az' may have but
that is a pronoun in those cases.

Combinations:
--- ----
Pos Type
--- ----
T   [fi]

01
012345
Tf----              a[DET]              the
Tf----              az[DET]             the
Ti----              egy[DET]            a


3.4.7 Adverbs (R)
= =========== =========== =
P ATT         VAL         C
= =========== =========== =
1 Type        general     g
              verbal      v
              modifier    m
              particle    p
            interrogative q
              causal      o
- ----------- ----------- -
2 Degree      positive    p
              comparative c
              superlative s
- ----------- ----------- -
3 Clitic      no          n
              yes         y
- ----------- ----------- -
4 Number      singular    s
              plural      p
- ----------- ----------- -
5 Person      first       1
              second      2
              third       3
= =========== =========== =
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
-------------------------------------------
Combinations:
----  ------ ------  ------  ------ ------
Pos   Type   Degree  Clitic  Number Person
----  ------ ------  ------  ------ ------
 R    [gmp]   -        -        -     -
 R       q    -        y        -     -
 R       o    -        -        [sp]  [123]
----  ------ ------  ------  ------ ------


Examples on combinations:

0123456
Rg-----         most[R]                               now
Rg-----         hogyan[R]                             how
Rgp----         belu:l[R]                             inside
Rgc----         belu:l[R]=belj+ebb[FOK]               deeper inside
Rgs----         leg[FF]+belu:l[R]=belj+ebb[FOK]       deepest inside
Rv-----         olvas[V]+va[HIN]                      being read
Rm-----         nem[R]                                no
Rp-----         be[IK]                                into
Rq-y---         kutya[N]+-e[KSZE] (kutya-e?)          dog?
Ro---s1         a/ll[V]+tomban[HIVe1]                 as I stand
Ro---s2         a/ll[V]+todban[HIVe2]                 as you stand
Ro---s3         a/ll[V]+ta/ban[HIVe3]                 as she stands
Ro---p1         a/ll[V]+tunkban[HIVp1]                as we stand
Ro---p2         a/ll[V]+totokban[HIVp2]               as you stand
Ro---sp         a/ll[V]+tukban[HIVep]                 as they stand
Ro-----         a/ll[V]+va/n[HINN]                    as sy stands

Notes:

1. The modifier -e question word (the only Hungarian clitic) is attached
to the preceding word with a hyphen.

2. Some adverbs may have degree, but these do not formulate a special
   class. Presently we cannot give a criteria for this.


3.4.8 Adpositions (S)
= =========== ============ =
P ATT         VAL          C
= =========== ============ =
1 Type        postposition t
- ----------- ------------ -
2 Formation                -
- ----------- ------------ -
3 Case                     -
- ----------- ------------ -
4 Clitic                   -
- ----------- ------------ -
5 Proper                   -
= =========== ============ =

1. Some of them require a suffix on the preceding noun (e.g. asztal[N]+
on[SUP] tu/l[S]) while others do not (e.g. asztal[N] mellett[S]).
This feature is not represented here.

Combinations:
---  ----
Pos  Type
---  ----
 S     t
---  ----

Examples on combinations:

012345
St----      miatt[S]                      because of
St----      keresztu:l[S]             through


3.4.9 Conjunctions (C)
= =========== =========== =
P ATT         VAL         C
= =========== =========== =
1 Type       coordinating c
            subordinating s
- ----------- ----------- -
2Coord-Type  sentence     p
             word         w
- ----------- ----------- -
3 SubType                 -
- ----------- ----------- -
4 Formation   alone       1
              pair        2
- ----------- ----------- -
5 Clitic_s                -
- ----------- ----------- -
6 Number                  -
- ----------- ----------- -
7 Person                  -
- ----------- ----------- -
8 Accented                -
= =========== =========== =

Notes:

1. 'form': Some conjuctions in Hungarian might occur alone (1) while
others in pairs (2).
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
Combinations:

---  ---- ---------- ---------
Pos  Type Coord-Type Formation
---  ---- ---------- ---------
 C    [cs]   [pw]       [12]
---  ---- ---------- ---------


Examples on combinations:              Meaning:

012345678
Csp-1----          hogy[C]                that
Ccp-1----          e/s[C]                 and
Ccw-2----          is[C]                  also
Ccw-2----          mind[C]                both


4.3.10 Numerals (M)
= =========== =========== =
P ATT         VAL         C
= =========== =========== =
1 Type        cardinal    c
              ordinal     o
              fractal     f
              collect     l
- ----------- ----------- -
2 Gender                  -
- ----------- ----------- -
3 Number      singular    s
              plural      p
- ----------- ----------- -
4 Case
see at 1. (Nouns)
           multiplicative 6
- ----------- ----------- -
5 Class                   -
- ----------- ----------- -
6 Animate                 -
- ----------- ----------- -
7 Definitness             -
- ----------- ----------- -
8 Form        digit       d
              letter      l
              roman       r (could be added?)
- ----------- ----------- -
9 OwnedNumber singular    s
              plural      p
      no owned possession -
= =========== =========== =

Combinations:
--- ---- ---- ------------------------ ----  --------
Pos Type Num  Case                     Form  OwnedNum
--- ---- ---- ------------------------ ----  --------
 N  [cp] [sp] [ngdaix2et3b9wmcshqypuf] [dlr]  [sp]
--- ---- ---- ------------------------ ----  --------

Examples on Combinations:

0123456789
Mc-sn-----           egy[M]                  one
Mc-pn-----           nyolc[M]+ak[PL]         those eight (men)
Mc-pn----s           nyolc[M]+ak[PL]+e/[POS] this belongs to those eight (men)
Mc-sa-----           sok[M]+at[ACC]          many (in accusative)
Mo-sn-----           hat[M]+odik[SORSZ]      6th
Mf-sn-----           hat[M]+od[TORT]         1/6
Mc-s6-----           egy[M]+szer[MUL]        one time
Mc-sw-----           hat[M]+an[ESSNUM]       They come six.

3.4.11. Interjections
No Types really need to be differentiated in Hungarian.

3.4.12 Unique
The nominal prefix signed as [ELO] does not need to be differentiated on
this level.

3.4.13 Residual
= =========== ============ =
P ATT         VAL          C
= =========== ============ =
1 Type        foreign word w
              symbols      s
              formulae     f
              datum        d
= =========== ============ =

3.4.14. Abbreviations

Abbreviations can be nouns, adjectives etc. We suppose that it should be
a feature of those categories not a separete class.

3.4.15. Particle
No particles in Hungarian.
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

3.4.16. DERIVATION:

Without handling derivation a satisfactory morphological analysis is
not possible for Hungarian. The HUMOR system, a general purpose
morphological analyzer, handles it and the results
can be converted to MULTEXT format since on syntactic level the
morphological origin of stems are genarally irrelevant. The resulting word
class is defined by the rightmost derivational suffix. The
suffix characters are literally attached to the word.

Here are the derivations that the analyser recognizes but instead of
the origin we place only the resulting class to the output.
(Suffix tags used in HUMOR are in upper case, actual suffixes are in
lower case.)

Noun   -> Adjective
-------------------
-----   -------        --------------    ------------------------
Type    Form           Example           Comment
-----   -------        --------------    ------------------------
 BELI  : beli           ha/z+beli        property of living in the house
 FAJTA : fajta          ma/s+fajta       of some other kind
 FELE  : fe/le          bu/tor+fe/le     similar to furniture
 FORMA : forma          toja/s+forma     egg shaped
 SZERU : szeru"         tej+szeru"       milk+y
 IKEP  : i              ha/z+i           home (e.g. made)
 SKEP  : s, as, os,
         es, o:s        gyerek+es        child+ish
 UKEP  : u/,
         u",
         ju/,
         ju"            arc+u/           (red)-face+d
 FFOSZ : tlan,tlen,
         atlan,etlen,
         talan,telen                     'devoid of', '-less'
 MER   : nyi            kana/l+nyi       spoon+full


Noun,A -> Noun
--------------
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
Type    Form           Example                Comment
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
 COL   : sa/g,         bara/t+sa/g            friend+ship
         se/g


Noun   -> Noun
--------------
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
Type    Form           Example                Comment
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
 DIM   : cska,acska,
        ecske,o:cske,
        ocska          utca/+cska             little street
 FEM   : ne/           Kova/cs+ne/            Mrs. Kova/cs


Noun   -> Verb
--------------
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
Type    Form           Example                Comment
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
 FI    : z,az,oz,ez,
        o:z            auto/+z                go by car


Verb   -> Adjective
-------------------
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
Type    Form           Example                Comment
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
 IFOSZT: atlan, etlen  felel+etlen            sg not being answered
 MIF   : o/,
         o"            felel+o"               sy who answers
 MIB   : t,ott,ett,
         o:tt          felel+t                the answered (question)
 MIA   : ando/,
         endo"         felel+endo"            sg that should be answered
 NIVALO: anivalo/,
         enivalo/,
         nivalo/       ne/z+nivalo/           sg that should be seen


Verb   -> Adverb
----------------
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
Type    Form           Example                Comment
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
 HIN   :  va,ve        olvas+va              (while ) reading (the book)


Numeral-> Adjective
-------------------
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
Type    Form           Example                Comment
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
 KIEM  : ik            hatod+ik               six+th
 LAGOS : lagos,leges   ma/sod+lagos           second+ary


Verb   -> Noun
--------------
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
Type    Form           Example                Comment
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
 IF    : a/s,
         e/s           olvas+a/s              read+ing (gerund)
 DES   : hatne/k,
        hetne/k        olvas+hatne/k          the intention of reading


Adj    -> Verb
--------------
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
Type    Form           Example                Comment
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
 FAK   : i/t           sze/p+i/t              make it pretty (in compounds only)
 MI    : od,ed,o:d     va/llas+od+ik          becomes strong
 MIGY  : kod,ked,
         ko:d          okos+kod+ik            plays the smart (frequently)
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

Verb   -> Verb
--------------
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
Type    Form           Example                Comment
-----   -------        --------------         ------------------------
 MUV   : at,et,tat,tet  olvas+tat             makes him read
 GYAK  : gat,get,ogat,
         eget,o:get     olvas+gat             he reads frequently
 HAT   : hat,het        olvas+hat             he may read
 VISSZ : o/d,
         o"d            old+o/dik             dissolves
 SZENV : tatik, tetik   olvas+tatik           makes the book being read

Examples:

If 'szemtele/s' (littering, action of throwing away litter) is not in
the dictionary we derive it from the verb 'litter' szemetel[V]+e/s[IF]
(where IF=Verb2Noun).
Instead of giving the extra attribute to the verb expressing that it has
a derivational suffix we simply give the result of the analysys+conversion:
szemetele/s[N].


3.4.17. COMPOUNDATION

Compoundation is handled in a very similar way to derivation.
The rightmost word class is always the resulting one.
If it contains some derivation as well then the result is the
word class that the derivation determines.

Examples:

1. Hungarian is similar to German but we have a competence limit: we do not
put together more then 2 nouns. These two words might be compounds as well
but they must be lexicalized forms. So e.g.: rendo"regyenruha
(police uniform) is valid since it is put together from rendo"r
(police) and  egyenruha (uniform) where rendo"r=rend (order) +
o"r (guard) and egyenruha=egyen (uni) + ruha (clothes).

2. Of course the situation is more complicated since nouns can be derived
from verbs, adjectives or other nouns, and these derivations can be parts
of compoundations: e.g. auto/buszmega/llo/ (bus stop)
where meg+a/ll+o/ is derived from the verb  a/ll (stand).
Whereas mega/llo/ is lexicalized so dictionaries might contain it,
the morphological rule is productive so compoundation works well
for constructions like tandi/jbefizete/s  (paying the tution fee)=
tan(tution)+ di/j(fee)+ be(in) +fizet(pay) +e/s(ment).

3. Compoundation, such as derivation, will not be mirrorred in the MULTEXT
format morphological analysis* a converter will produce an acceptable
segmentation in the corpus. The word class (POS) for these compounds will be
the word class of the resulted compoundation
(e.g. tandi/jbefizete/s/N).
\end{verbatim}
\newpage
\subsection{Application to Romanian}

The application to Romanian has been elaborated by D. Tufis and A.M.
Barbu.\\

\begin{verbatim}

3.5.1. Noun (N)

In Romanian the following attribute-value pairs are applicable to Nouns.


= ============== ============== = =================
P ATT             VAL           C  Ro. example
= ============== ============== = =================
1 Type           common         c    carte
                 proper         p    Ion
- -------------- -------------- - -----------------
2 Gender         masculine      m    ba\iatul
                 feminine       f    casa
                 neuter         n    fir  (m.sg.)
                                     fire (f.pl.)
- -------------- -------------- - -----------------

3 Number         singular       s    fata\
                 plural         p    fete
- -------------- -------------- - -----------------
4 Case           direct         r    omul
                 oblique        o    omului
                 vocative       v    omule
- -------------- -------------- - -----------------
5 Clitic         no             n    sora
                 yes            y    sora\-mea
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------
6 Definiteness   no             n    om
                 yes            y    omul
= ============== ============== = =================

Notes:

2. In Romanian the declension of a neuter noun always follows in singular a
masculine paradigm and in plural a feminine one. Specific implementations
could take advantage of this rule and by organizing the paradigmatic space
in partial paradigms (masc-sing, masc-pl, fem-sing, fem-pl) to get rid of
neuter value for the gender attribute.

4. There are five functional cases in Romanian (nominative, genitive,
dative, accusative and vocative) but they are expressed by at most three
syncretic forms for each number:  1. nominative-accusative* 2.
genitive-dative * 3. vocative. The ambiguity of a syncretic case form may
be solved at the syntactic level.

At the word level, the distinction between the three syncretic forms is
possible onlyfor the enclitically definite nouns. Masculine indefinite
nouns are not differentiated by case (except, sometimes for vocative). The
feminine indefinite nouns have different forms in singular for
nominative-accusative, genitive-dative and vocative, but the
genitive-dative singular forms are indistinguishable from the plural forms:


fata\           - nominative-accusative, vocative singular, indefinite
fato                  - vocative singular, indefinite
fete                  - genitive-dative singular, nominative-accusative,
genitive-dative, vocative plural,indefinite
ba\iat          - nominative-accusative, genitive-dative, vocative
singular, indefinite
ba\iete         - vocative singular, indefinite
ba\ietxi  - nominative-accusative, genitive-dative, vocative
plural, indefinite

5. The cliticization phenomenon in Romanian is not restricted to
verb-pronoun relationship, but may also be observed with (main) verb and
auxiliary, noun or adjective with pronoun, noun or adjective with copula,
pronoun with auxiliary, preposition with (indefinite) article, numeral or
(indefinite) pronoun, negative adverb with verb, auxiliary or pronoun, and
some others (mainly created by the contracted forms of the verb "a fi"-to
be). We restrict ourselves to considering only the graphically marked
clicitizations. In such cases, the two, three or (sometimes) four
constituents of a cliticized word-form are always separated by a hyphen.
Not hyphenating such cases is an unacceptable error in written Romanian.

In our proposal, the  attribute Clitics has the value yes on every
constituent of the cliticized form.

The order in which the different constituents of a cliticized form appear
is governed by precise morphological rules. For instance, the auxiliaries
always appear in the last position. The main verbs, except those beginning
with the letter "a" and the contracted forms (-s and -i) of the verb "a
fi"- to be, always appear in the first position, nouns and adjectives
always precede the cliticized pronouns, thenegative
adverbial particles nu- and n- appear only in the first position, and so on
(see the next section for examples).

7. The Animate attribute makes distinction between nouns denoting animate
beings from other nouns, required by some agreement rules. As it plays no
role in the graphemic form of a word, it was ignored.
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

 Combinations

============= ================
Lexicon          Example
============= ================
Ncms[rov]nn-     frate
Ncmsryn-         frate-meu
Ncmsrny-         fratele
Ncmsryy-         fratele-i
Ncmsony-         fratelui
Ncmp[rov]nn-     fratxi
Ncmprny-         fratxii
Ncmpryy-         fratxii-s
Ncmp[ov]ny-      fratxilor
Ncfsrnn-         fiica\
Ncfsvnn-         fiico
Ncfsonn-         fiice
Ncfsryn-         fiica\-sa
Ncfsoyn-         fiice-s
Ncfp[rov]nn-     fiice
Ncfp[ro]yn-      fiice-s
Ncfprny-         fiicele
Ncfpryy-         fiicele-s
Ncfp[ov]ny-      fiicelor
Ncns[ro]nn-      creion
Ncnsrny-         creionul
Ncnsvny-         creionule
Ncnsryy-         creionu-i
Ncnsony-         creionului
Ncnp[ro]nn-      creioane
Ncnprny-         creioanele
Ncnpryy-         creionele-s
Ncnp[ov]ny-      creioanelor
Npms[rov]nn-     Bucuresxti
Npmsrny-         Bucuresxtiul
Npmprny-         Bucuresxtii
Npfsrn--         Ioana
Npfsry--         Ioana-i
Npfson--         Ioanei



3.5.2. Verb (V)

The following attribute-value pairs are applicable to verbs in Romanian.

= ============== ============== = ======================
P ATT            VAL            C  Ro. example
= ============== ============== = ======================
1 Type           main           m    a vedea
                 auxiliary      a    a avea, a fi, a voi
                 modal          o    a putea, a trebui
                 copula         c    a fi, a deveni
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
2 VForm          indicative     i    vine
                 subjunctive    s    vina\
                 imperative     m    vino
                 infinitive     n    veni
                 participle     p    venit
                 gerund         g    venind
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
3 Tense          present        p    va\d
                 imperfect      i    vedeam
                 past           s    va\zui
                 pluperfect     l    va\zusem
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
4 Person         first          1    va\d
                 second         2    vezi
                 third          3    vede
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
5 Number         singula        s    ba\tut
                 plural         p    ba\tutxi
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
6 Gender         masculine      m    ba\tut
                 feminine       f    ba\tuta\
                 neuter         n    ba\tut  (m.sg.)
                                     ba\tute (f.pl.)
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
7 Clitic         no             n    da^nd
                 yes            y    da^ndu-l
= ============== ============== = ======================

Notes:

The attributes Clitic-s, Voice, Negative, Case, Definiteness and Animate
were elliminated as irrelevant or as sources of worthless ambiguities
(Negative)


 Combinations

======================= ================
Lexicon                    Example
======================= ================
Vmii1s-n------          abandonam
Vmii2s-n------          abandonai
Vmii3s-n------          abandona
Vmii1p-n------          abandonam
Vmii2p-n------          abandonatxi
Vmii3p-n------          abandonau
Vmis1s-n------          abandonai
Vmis2s-n------          abandonasxi
Vmis3s-n------          abandona\
Vmis1p-n------          abandonara\m
Vmis2p-n------          abandonara\txi
Vmis3p-n------          abandona\
Vmil1s-n------          abandonasem
Vmil2s-n------          abandonasesxi
Vmil3s-n------          abandonase
Vmil1p-n------          abandonasera\m
Vmil2p-n------          abandonasera\txi
Vmil3p-n------          abandonasera\
Vm[is]p1s-n------       abandonez
Vm[is]p2s-n------       abandonezi
Vmip3[sp]-n------       abandoneaza\
Vmsp3[sp]-n------       abandoneze
Vmsp1p-n------          abandona\m
Vmsp2p-n------          abandonatxi
Vmmp2s-n------          abandoneaza\
Vmmp2p-n------          abandonatxi
Vmnp---n------          abandona
Vmp--smn------          abandonat
Vmp--smy------          abandonatu
Vmp--sfn------          abandonata\
Vmp--pfn------          abandonate
Vmp--pmn------          abandonatxi
Vmg----n------          abandona^nd
Vmg----y------          abandona^ndu
Va--1s-n------          asx
Va--1s-n------          voi
Voip---n------          trebuie
Vcip3s-n------          este
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

3.5.3. Adjective (A)

Although it is not common practice in Romanian linguistics, one could make
the distinction between qualificative and determinative adjectives.
However,the attribute-value pairs proposed in this section are appropriate
for the qualificative adjectives.


= ============== ============== = ======================
P ATT            VAL            C  Ro. example
= ============== ============== = ======================
1 Type           qualificative  f    frumos
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
2 Degree         positive       p    frumos
                 comparative    c    ulterior
                 superlative    s    extrem
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
3 Gender         masculine      m    bun
                 feminine       f    buna\
                 neuter         n    bun (m.sg)
                                     bune (f.pl.)
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
4 Number         singular       s    bun
                 plural         p    buni
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
5 Case           direct         r    bunul
                 oblique        o    bunului
                 vocative       v    bunule
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
6 Clitic         no             n    rosxu
                 yes            y    rosxu-i
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
7 Definite       no             n    bun
                 yes            y    bunul
- ----------------------------- - ----------------------

Notes:

5.The adjectives present the same case syncretism as the nouns, except for
few adjectives that have an additional special form for Genitive-Dative
cases in plural (e.g. G.D.pl. multor).

7.In noun-adjective construction, the definite article may attach
enclitically to either adjectives or modified nouns (never to both of
them). If present, the definite article attaches to the right of the first
word in the sequence.

Bunul  om  (The kind man)
Omul  bun. (The kind man)

Combinations

======================= ================
Lexicon                    Example
======================= ================
Afpms[rov]nn----          bun
Afpmp[rov]nn----          buni
Afpmsrny----              bunul
Afpmsony----              bunului
Afpmprny----              bunii
Afpmpony----              bunilor
Afpfs[rv]nn----           buna\
Afpfsonn----              bune
Afpfp[rov]nn----          bune
Afpfsrny----              buna
Afpfsony----              bunei
Afpfprny----              bunele
Afpfpony----              bunelor
Afpfp[ro]yn----           frumoase-s
Afcms[ro]nn----           ulterior
Afsms[ro]nn----           extrem
Afp[mfn][sp][rov]nn----   gri


3.5.4. Pronoun (P)

= ============== ============== = ======================
P ATT            VAL            C  Ro. example
= ============== ============== = ======================
1 Type           personal       p     eu
                 demonstrative  d     acesta
                 indefinite     i     oricine
                 possessive     s     (al) meu
                 reflexive      x     se
                 int.rel.       w     ce
                 negative       z     nimeni
                 emphatic       h     i^nsumi
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
2 Person         first          1     eu
                 second         2     tu
                 third          3     el
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
3 Gender         masculine      m     el
                 feminine       f     ea
                 neuter         n     acesta (m.sg.)
                                      acestea (f.sg.)
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
4 Number         singular       s     eu
                 plural         p     noi
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
5 Case           nominative     n     eu
                 genitive       g     (al) meu
                 dative         d     mie
                 accusative     a     (pe) mine
                 vocative       v     tu, voi!
                 direct         r     acesta
                 oblique        o     acestuia
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
6 Possessor_N    singular       s     meu
                 plural         p     nostru
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
8 Clitic         no             n     i^mi place
                 yes            y     placu-mi
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
14Pron-Form      strong         s     lui
                 weak           w     i^i, i-
= ============== ============== = ======================

\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Notes:

3. Gender refers to the gender of the possesed object.

4. Number refers to the number of possesed objects.

5. For the second person of the personal pronoun in both singular and
plural there is the vocative case too.The direct  and oblique  values are
needed for the syncretic case forms of the pronouns other than the personal
ones.

14.For Romanian we need this attribute (Pron-Form) to make the distinction
between strong and weak forms of the same pronoun. All the weak forms can
be both procliticaland enclitical. They may be adjoined to the adjacent
words. In such cases the junction is always graphically marked by a hyphen
between the pronoun and the neighboring word.The hyphen also marks possible
elisions from either pronoun or the adjacent word.

Combinations

======================== ================
Lexicon                     Example
======================== ================
Pp1[mf]sn--n-----s-         eu
Pp1[mf]sd--n-----w-         mie
Pd-msr--n-------            acesta
Pd-msr--y-------            acesta-i
Pd-mso--n-------            acestuia
Pi-mpr--n-------            totxi
Ps1fsrs-n-------            mea
Ps1fsrs-y-------            mea-i
Pw-mso---------             ca\rui
Pn-msr--n-------            nimeni
Ph1ms[ro]-------            i^nsumi
Px1[mf]sa-------            ma\


3.5.5. Determiner (D)

The following attributes and their values are pertinent to Romanian for
different determiners.

= ============== ============== = ======================
P ATT            VAL            C  Ro. example
= ============== ============== = ======================
1 Type           demonstrative  d     acest
                 indefinite     i     orice
                 possessive     s     meu
                 int.rel.       w     ce
                 negative       z     nici_un
                 emphatic       h     i^nsusxi
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
2 Person         first          1     meu
                 second         2     ta\u
                 third          3     sa\u
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
3 Gender         masculine      m     meu
                 feminine       f     mea
                 neuter         n     meu (m.sg.)
                                      mele (f.pl.)
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
4 Number         singular       s     meu
                 plural         p     mei
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
5 Case           direct         r     aceasta
                 oblique        o     acestei
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
6 Possessor_N    singular       s     meu
                 plural         p     nostru
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
8 Clitic         no             n     mama mea
                 yes            y     maica\-mea
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------------
9 Modific.Type   prenominal     e    acest
                 postnominal    o    acesta
= ============== ============== = ======================

Notes:

2.This attribute is meaningful for the Possessive determiners and refers to
the grammatical person of the possessor.

3. Gender refers to the gender of the possesed object.

4. Number refers to the number of possesed objects.

Combinations

================== ====================
Lexicon                Example
================== ====================
Dd-msr--ne            acest
Dd-mso--no            acestuia
Di-mpr--n-            totxi
Ds1fsrs-n-            mea
Ds1fsrs-y-            soacra\-mea
Dw-[mfn][sp]r--n-     care
Dz-msr--n-            nici_un
Dh1ms[ro]--n-         i^nsumi

\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

3.6.6. Article (T)

= ============== ============== = =================
P ATT            VAL            C  Ro. example
= ============== ============== = =================
1 Type           definite       f    lui
                 indefinite     i    un
                 possessive     s    al
                 demonstrative  d    cel
- -------------- -------------- - -----------------
2 Gender         masculine      m    un
                 feminine       f    o
                 neuter         n    cel (m.sg.)
                                     cele (f.sg.)
- -------------- -------------- - -----------------
3 Number         singular       s    un
                 plural         p    nisxte
- -------------- -------------- - -----------------
4 Case           direct         r    cel
                 oblique        o    celui
- -------------- -------------- - -----------------
5 Clitic         yes            y    c-un
                 no             n    un
= ============== ============== = =================

Notes:

1.Although it presents only a few items, the article in Romanian has four
types,unlike in most of the European languages. Beside the two recommended
types: definite and indefinite which have the generally known semantic
value, Romanian uses two additional types of articles, which are
semantically subordinated to the definite article but which have special
forms and meanings:
    - the possessive article (also called genitival article) is an element
in the structure of the possessive pronoun, of the ordinal numeral (e.g. al
meu  (mine) and al treilea (the third)), and of the indefinite genitive
forms of the nouns (e.g.
capitol al ca\rtxii (chapter of the book)).
    - the demonstrative article (also called adjectival article) links a
definite noun to its determinants, links a numeral or an adjective to a
noun, and it is a constituent part of the relative superlative (e.g. fata
cea mare (the elder girl), cel lenesx (the lazy), respectively
prietenul cel mai bun (the best friend)).Notice that the proper definite
article has only enclitical forms, except for one proclitical form (lui +
proper noun: lui Ion).

Combinations

======== ====================
Lexicon     Example
======== ====================
Tf[mf]so    lui
Timsr       un
Tsmpr       ai
Tdfso       celei


3.5.8. Adverb (R)

= ============== ============== = ==================
P ATT            VAL            C  Ro. example
= ============== ============== = ==================
1 Type           general        g    bine, acolo
                 particle       p    mai, cam
                 negative       z    nica\ieri
                 modifier       m    firesxte
                 int.rel.       w    cum
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------
2 Degree         positive       p    bine
                 comparative    c    ulterior
                 superlative    s    extrem
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------
3 Clitic         no             n    acolo e
                 yes            y    acolo-i
= ============== ============== = ==================

Notes:

1. The distinction proposed here considers the principal syntactic
properties of the adverbs. For Romanian, the type "general" includes most
of the pronominal adverbs (demonstrative: aici (here), indefinite:oriunde
(everywhere)). As argued before for pronouns and determiners, a distinct
negative  value is needed for adverbs as well (nica\ ieri - nowhere,
niciodata\ - never). Under the type "modifier" there were included
what in traditional Romanian linguistics is called predicative adverbs.
They usually govern a subordinate sentence (ex. Firesxte ca\ o
sxtiu  -- Certainly I know it). The particle type covers those
adverbs which can never be heads, dislocate verbal compound forms (ex. Ea a
tot ca^ntat - She has ever sung) or mark degrees (ex. circa (about),
foarte (very), prea (too)). Such adverbs are cam, mai, prea, sxi,tot,
foarte etc.

2.In Romanian, the comparative and superlative of adverbs is formed
analytically with mai (putxin), cel mai (putxin), foarte: ex.
mai repede (faster), cel mai  devreme (at the earliest). Nonetheless there
are some adverbs with comparative or  superlative meaning (ex. optim,
ulterior, definitiv). These adverbs can be used for expressing the absolute
superlative of other adverbs or adjectives: ex. extrem de bine, formidabil
de frumos.
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

Combinations

======= ====================
Lexicon    Example
======= ====================
Rgpn---    repede
Rgsn---    extraordinar
Rgcn---    ulterior
Rp-n---    prea
Rp-y---    prea-i
Rn-n---    nica\ieri
Rm-n---    probabil
Rw-----    cum


3.5.9. Adposition (S)

= ============== ============== = ==================
P ATT            VAL            C  Ro. example
= ============== ============== = ==================
1 Type           preposition    p   la, pe, i^n
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------
2 Formation      simple         s   la, pe, i^n
                 compound       c   de_la
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------
3 Case           genitive       g   i^naintea
                 dative         d   datorita\
                 accusative     a   la
- -------------- -------------- - ------------------
4 Clitic         no             n   din
                 yes            y   dintr-o
= ============== ============== = ==================

Combinations

======= ====================
Lexicon     Example
======= ====================
Spsan-      i^n
Spsay-      i^ntr-(un)
Spsdn-      datorita\
Spcan-      de_la


3.5.10. Conjunction (C)

= ============== ====================== = ==============================
P ATT            VAL                    C  Ro. example
= ============== ====================== = ==============================
1 Type           coordinating           c    sxi, dar
                 subordinating          s    ca\, daca\,nici
- -------------- ---------------------- - ------------------------------
2 Coord-Type     simple                 s    sxi,deoarece
                 repetitive             r    fie...fie...
                 correlative            c    ati^t...ca^t sxi
- -------------- ---------------------- - ------------------------------
3 SubType        negative               z    nici
                 positive               p    dar
- -------------- ---------------------- - ------------------------------
4 Formation      simple                 s    deoarece
                 compound               c    de_vreme_ce
- -------------- ---------------------- - ------------------------------
5 Clitic         no                     n    sxi un
                 yes                    y    sxi-i
= ============== ====================== = ==============================

Combinations

========== ====================
Lexicon       Example
========== ====================
Ccspsn---     sxi
Ccrzsn---     nici...nici
Cs--sy---     ca\-i
Csspcn---     de_vreme_ce


3.5.11. Numeral (M)

= ============= =================== = ====================
P ATT           VAL                 C  Ro. example
= ============= =================== = ====================
1 Type          cardinal            c   trei
                ordinal             o   (al) treilea
                fractal             f   treime
                multipl             m   i^ntreit
                collect             l   tustrei
- ------------- ------------------- - --------------------
2 Gender        masculine           m    doi, primul
                feminine            f    doua\, prima
                neuter              n    un (m.sg.)
                                         doua\ (f.pl.)
- ------------- ------------------- - --------------------
3 Number        singular            s    primul
                plural              p    primii
- ------------- ------------------- - --------------------
4 Case          direct              r    primul
                oblique             o    primului
- ------------- ------------------- - --------------------
7 Definiteness  yes                 y    primul
                no                  n    prim
- ------------- ------------------- - --------------------
8 Form          digital             d    5000
                letters             l    cinci mii
                both                b    5 mii, al 2-lea
- ------------- ------------------- - --------------------
9 Clitic        no                  n    primul e
                yes                 y    primu-i
= ============= =================== = ====================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

Combinations

============== ====================
Lexicon            Example
============== ====================
Mcmp[ro]--nln      doi
Moms[ro]--yln      doilea
Mlmp[r]----n       ama^ndoi
Mmfsr--y-y         i^ntreita-i
Mffpo--y-n         treimilor

3.5.12. Interjections (I)

There are no subcategories of interjections.

Combinations

============== ====================
Lexicon            Example
============== ====================
I                  oh,ah,au


3.5.13. Unique membership class (U)

None.

3.5.14. Residual (X)

= ===== =============== = =============
P ATT   VAL             C   Ro. example
= ===== =============== = =============
1 Type  foreign words   w    show
        symbols         s    $
        formulae        f    X%
= ===== =============== = =============

Combinations

============== ====================
Lexicon               Example
============== ====================
Xw                    show
Xs                    $
Xf                    a+b


3.5.15. Abbreviation (Y)

= ============= =============== = =====================
P ATT           VAL             C  Ro. example
= ============= =============== = =====================
1 Gender        masculine       m    C.F.R.-ist
                feminine        f    C.F.R.-ista\
                neutru          n    show, show-uri
- ------------- --------------- - ---------------------
2 Number        singular        s    C.F.R.-ist
                plural          p    C.F.R.-isxti
- ------------- --------------- - ---------------------
3 Case          direct          r    C.F.R.-istul
                oblique         o    C.F.R.-istului
- ------------- --------------- - ---------------------
4 Definiteness  yes             y    C.F.R.-istul
                no              n    C.F.R.-ist
= ============= =============== = =====================


Combinations

=========== =======================
Lexicon           Example
=========== =======================
Ymsry             C.F.R.-istul
Yfsoy             d-nei
Ynp[ro]n          show-uri


3.5.16. Particle (Q)

= ========= =========== = ===============
P ATT       VAL         C   Ro. example
= ========= =========== = ===============
1 Type      negation    z    nu,n-
            infinitive  n    a
            subjunctive s    sa\
            aspect      a    fi
            future      f    o
- --------- ----------- - ---------------
4 Clitic    yes         y    sa\
            no          n    sa\-mi
=========== =========== = ===============

Combinations

=========== ======================
Lexicon           Example
=========== ======================
Qz--n             nu
Qn--n             a
Qs--n             sa\
Qs--y             sa\-mi
Qa--n             fi
Qf--n             o



\end{verbatim}

\newpage
\subsection{Application to Slovene}

The application to Slovene has been elaborated by T. Erjavec, P. Holozan
and M. Romih.\\

\begin{verbatim}
3.6.1. Nouns (N)

Lexicon

= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT            VAL            C Example           Slovene term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
1 Type           common         c stol              obc<i samostalnik
                 proper         p Janez             lastni samostalnik
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
2 Gender         masculine      m stol              mos<ki spol
                 feminine       f miza              z<enski spol
                 neuter         n sonce             srednji spol
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
3 Number         singular       s stol              endina
                 plural         p stoli             mnoz<ina
           l.s.  dual           d stola             dvojina
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
4 Case           nominative     n stol,  medved     imenovalnik
                 genitive       g stola, medveda    rodilnik
                 dative         d stolu             dajalnik
                 accusative     a stol,  medveda    toz<ilnik
           l.s.  locative       l stolu             mestnik
           l.s.  instrumental   i stolom            orodnik
********************************* ----------------- -------------------------
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================

Notes:
Animacy is not included in the table.


Combinations

*** **** **** **** **** =====================================================
PoS Type Gend Numb Case Examples
*** **** **** **** **** =====================================================
 N   p   [mf]   s    n  Janez, Micka
 N   c   [mfn]  s    n  stol,    lipa,   sonce
 N   c   [mfn]  s    g  stola,   lipe,   sonca
 N   c   [mfn]  s    d  stolu,   lipi,   soncu
 N   c   [mfn]  s    a  stol,    lipo,   sonce
 N   c   [mfn]  s    l  stolu,   lipi,   soncu
 N   c   [mfn]  s    i  stolom,  lipo,   soncem
 N   c   [mfn]  p    n  stoli,   lipe,   sonca
 N   c   [mfn]  p    g  stolov,  lip,    sonc
 N   c   [mfn]  p    d  stolom,  lipam,  soncem
 N   c   [mfn]  p    a  stole,   lipe,   sonca
 N   c   [mfn]  p    l  stolih,  lipah,  soncih
 N   c   [mfn]  p    i  stoli,   lipami, sonci
 N   c   [mfn]  d    n  stola,   lipi,   sonci
 N   c   [mfn]  d    g  stolov,  lip,    sonc
 N   c   [mfn]  d    d  stoloma, lipama, soncema
 N   c   [mfn]  d    a  stola,   lipi,   sonci
 N   c   [mfn]  d    l  stolih,  lipah,  soncih
 N   c   [mfn]  d    i  stoloma, lipama, soncem
*** **** **** **** **** =====================================================


3.6.2. Verbs (V)

Lexicon

= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT            VAL            C Example           Slovene term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
1 Type           main           m delati            glavni glagol
                 auxiliary      a imeti             pomoz<ni glagol
                 modal          o hoteti            naklonski glagol
           l.s.  copula         c biti              pomoz<nik 'biti'
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
2 VForm          indicative     i delam             sedanjik
                 imperative     m delaj             velelnik
                 conditional    c bi                pogojnik od 'biti'
                 infinitive     n delati            nedoloc<nik
                 participle     p delal,(po)delan   delez<nik
                 gerund         g iskanje           glagolnik
                 supine         u delat             namenilnik
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
3 Tense          present        p delam, delaj      sedanjik, velelnik
                 future         f bom               prihodnjik od 'biti'
                 past           s delal             opisni delez<nik na -l
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
4 Person         first          1 delam             prva oseba
                 second         2 delas<            druga oseba
                 third          3 dela              tretja oseba
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
5 Number         singular       s delam             ednina
                 plural         p delamo            mnoz<ina
                 dual           d delata            dvojina
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
6 Gender         masculine      m delal             mos<ki spol
                 feminine       f delala            z<enski spol
                 neuter         n delalo            srednji spol
********************************* ----------------- -------------------------
7 Clitic-s                      -
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
9 Voice          active         a delam, delal      tvorni nac<in
                 passive        p (po)delan         trpni nac<in
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
10Negative                      -
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
11Case           nominative     n iskanje           imenovalnik
                 genitive       g iskanja           rodilnik
                 dative         d iskanju           dajalnik
                 accusative     a iskanje           toz<lnik
                 locative       l iskanju           mestnik
                 instrumental   i iskanjem          orodnik
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Notes:
1. Aspect, transitivity and reflexivity are not included.
2. The verb 'to be' in all its functions is Type=c;
   Auxiliary verbs Type=a do not include the 'to be' and modal verbs.
3. The past and passive participles are encoded analytically; see
   combinations.
4. The adjectival and adverbial participles are classified as adjectives.


Combinations

*** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- =======================
PoS Type VFrm Tens Pers Numb Gend Cli1 Voic Neg  Case Examples
*** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- =======================
 V   m     n    -    -    -    -    -    -   -     -  delati
 V   a     n    -    -    -    -    -    -   -     -  imeti
 V   o     n    -    -    -    -    -    -   -     -  hoteti
 V   c     n    -    -    -    -    -    -   -     -  biti
 V   c     c    -    -    -    -    -    -   -     -  bi
 V   c     i    f  [123]  s    -    -    -   -     -  bom, bos<, bo

 V   m     i    p    1    s    -    -    a   -     -  delam delas< dela
 V   m     m    p    2  [sp]   -    -    -   -     -  delaj delajte
 V   m     u    p  [123]  s    -    -    -   -     -  delat
 V   m     p    s    -    s   [mf]  -    a   -     -  delal delala
 V   m     p    -    -    s   [mf]  -    p   -     -  podelan podelana
 V   m     g    -    -  [sp]   n    -    p   -     n  iskanje  iskanja
 V   m     g    -    -  [sp]   n    -    p   -     g  iskanja  iskanj
 V   m     g    -    -  [sp]   n    -    p   -     d  iskanju  iskanjem
 V   m     g    -    -  [sp]   n    -    p   -     a  iskanje  iskanja
 V   m     g    -    -  [sp]   n    -    p   -     l  iskanju  iskanjih
 V   m     g    -    -  [sp]   n    -    p   -     i  iskanjem iskanji
*** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- ---- ---- ---- =======================


3.6.3. Adjectives (A)

Lexicon

= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT            VAL            C Example           Slovene term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
1 Type           qualificative  f lep               kakovostni
                 possessive     s stric<ev          svojilni
- -------------- -------------- -
2 Degree         positive       p lep               osnovnik
                 comparative    c leps<i            primerjalnik
                 superlative    s najleps<i         presez<nik
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
3 Gender         masculine      m lep               mos<ki spol
                 feminine       f lepa              z<enski spol
                 neuter         n lepo              srednji spol
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
4 Number         singular       s lep               ednina
                 plural         p lepi              mnoz<ina
                 dual           d lepa              dvojina
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
5 Case           nominative     n lep, lepi         imenovalnik
                 genitive       g lepega            rodilnik
                 dative         d lepemu            dajalnik
                 accusative     a lep, lepega       toz<ilnik
           l.s.  locative       l lepemu            mestnik
           l.s.  instrumental   i lepim             orodnik
********************************* ----------------- -------------------------
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================

Notes:
1. Definiteness and animacy are not included in the table.
2. The three deverbative adjectival participles are classified as
   qualificative adjectives. The differ from other adjectives by having
   Degree:-


Combinations

*** **** **** **** **** **** ================================================
PoS Type Degr Gend Numb Case Examples
*** **** **** **** **** **** ================================================
 A   p     -    m    s    n  stric<ev
 A   q   [pcs]  m    s    n  lep/lepi     leps<i najleps<i
 A   q     p  [mfs]  s    n  zdrav/zdravi zdrava zdravo
 A   q     -    m    s    n  otekel (obraz) premagan (sovrag) govorec< (pes)
 A   q     p    m  [spd]  n  lep lepa lepo
*** **** **** **** **** **** ================================================


3.6.4. Pronouns (P)

Lexicon

= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT            VAL            C Example           Slovene term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
1 Type           personal       p jaz               osebni
                 demonstrative  d ta                kazalni
                 indefinite     i nekdo             nedoloc<nostni
                 possessive     s moj               svojilni
                 interrogative  q kdo               vpras<alni
                 relative       r kdor              oziralnostni
                 reflexive      x se                'se'
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
2 Person         first          1 moj               prva oseba
                 second         2 tvoj              druga oseba
                 third          3 njegov            tretja oseba
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
3 Gender         masculine      m moj               mos<ki spol
                 feminine       f moja              z<enski spol
                 neuter         n moje              srednji spol
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
4 Number         singular       s moj               ednina
                 plural         p moji              mnoz<ina
                 dual           d moja              dvojina
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
5 Case           nominative     n moj               imenovalnik
                 genitive       g mojega            rodilnik
                 dative         d mojemu            dajalnik
                 accusative     a moj/mojega        toz<ilnik
           l.s.  locative       l mojemu            mestnik
           l.s.  instrumental   i mojim             orodnik
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
6 Possessor_N    singular       s moj               ednina svojine
                 plural         p nas<              mnoz<ina svojine
                 dual           d najin             dvojina svojine
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
7 Possessor_G    masculine      m njegov            mos<ki spol svojine
                 feminine       f njen              z<enski spol svojine
********************************* ----------------- -------------------------
8 Clitic         no             n mene              beseda
                 yes            y me                naslonka
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
9 Definiteness                  ?
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
10Animate                       ?
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
11Reflexivity    yes            y svoj              povratni
                 no             n njegov            nepovratni
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
...                             -
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
15Syntac.Type    nominal        n kdo               samostalnis<ki
                 adjectival     a kateri            pridevnis<ki
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Notes:
1. The Type taxonomy for pronouns different from the one of Slovene
   grammars. Mostly Sl. grammar classes were merged. In particular,
   the indefinite and relative types contain many of pronoun types
   from Slovene grammars:
   (nedoloc<nostni = nedoloc<ni + nikalni + celostni + poljubnostni +
                     mnogostni + istostni + drugostni)
   (oziralnostni = oziralni + oziralno poljubnostni)
2. Type=relative includes so called 'relative general' (oziralno poljubnostni)
   pronouns. They can consist of two words, where the second is 'koli'.
   Variant spelling exists: 'kolikorkoli', 'kolikor koli'.
   Possible solution: they can be treated as compounds.
3. Type=reflexive is appropriate only for the personal reflexive pronoun /
   particle 'se'. As it is common, this helps keep its tag short; its proper
   encoding would be Pp---[ga]--y--y---n
   'se' in general ambiguous: it is an obligatory 'constituent' of
   all reflexive verbs; sebe/se can be used to make various passives;
   it can be used in the ordinary pronominal sense.
   It is also morphologically ambiguous as it is the acc. or gen. case.
  'se' can also appear as a suffix: e.g. 'zase'/for_oneself with
   variant spelling 'za se'. It is not clear what to do with this case.
4. Possessor_G is relevant only for third person singular
   possessive pronouns, and distinguishes only masculine and feminine
   forms. It will be '-' in all other cases.
5. Reflexivity is used for the reflexive personal pronouns (except 'se') and
   for reflexive possessive pronouns. It will be specified '-' for other
   types of pronouns. If a pronoun is reflexive, then the person attribute
   is '-'.
6. As in Slovene grammars, pronouns are distinguished between having a nominal
   and adjectival function. All pronoun types except demonstrative and
   possessive can be nominal, and all except personal can be
   adjectival.
   In the future version of the specifications, this attribute should
   be given a lower position, as it is used by three languages.


Combinations

*** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- --- --- --- --- ================
PoS Type Pers Gend Numb Case PosN PosG Clit ... Rfl ... Syn Examples
*** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- --- --- --- --- ================
 P    x    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   -   -   -   -  se
 P    p    -    -    -   [ga]  -    -    n   -   y   -   n  sebe
 P    p    -    -    -    d    -    -    y   -   y   -   n  si
 P    p    -    -    -    d    -    -    n   -   y   -   n  sebi
 P    p    1  [mfn]  s    n    -    -    n   -   n   -   n  jaz
 P    s    1  [mfn]  s    n    s    m    n   -   n   -   a  moj
 P    s    2  [mfn]  s    n    s    m    n   -   n   -   a  tvoj
 P    s  [123][mfn]  s    n    s  [mfn]  n   -   y   -   a  svoj
 P    d    -    m    s    n    -    -    -   -   -   -   a  1)
 P    i    -    m    s    n    -    -    -   -   -   -   n  2)
 P    i    -    m    s    n    -    -    -   -   -   -   a  3)
 P    q    -    m    s    n    -    -    -   -   -   -   n  4)
 P    q    -    m    s    n    -    -    -   -   -   -   a  5)
 P    q    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   -   -   -   a  koliko
 P    r    -    m    s    n    -    -    -   -   -   -   n  6)
 P    r    -    m    s    n    -    -    -   -   -   -   a  7)
**** **** **** **** **** **** **** **** ---- --- --- --- --- ================

1) tak taks<en takle ta tisti oni toliki
2) nekdo kdo nihc<e vsakdo marsikdo eden kateri vsak nobeden marsikateri
3) (ne-,ni-,...)kak(r)s<en,  enak, drugac<en, neki, kateri, noben, vsak,
   marsikateri, isti, drug, nekoliko, kateri, nic<(?), vsi, dokaj(?)
4) kdo, kateri
5) c<igav, kaks<en, koliks<en, kateri,
6) kdor, kar, kateri (...koli)
7) kakrs<en, kateri, c<igar, kolikor (...koli)


3.6.5. Determiners (D)

Notes:
Does not exist in Slovene.


3.6.6. Articles (T)

Notes:
This category (Slovene: 'c<len') exists for Slovene, but it encompasses only
two words ('ta'/this, 'en'/one) and even these are used only colloquially.
Furthermore, the context in which these two words can appear as articles is
identical to the one in which they appear as a pronoun or numeral
respectively. As it would be impossible to disambiguate between their two
meanings, this category will not be used for Slovene.


3.6.7. Adverbs (R)

Lexicon

= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT            VAL            C Example           Slovene term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
1 Type           general        g potihoma          prislov
           l.s.  pres.part.I    1 z<elec<           delez<je na -ec<, -oc<
           l.s.  pres.part.II   2 kazaje, molc<e    delez<je na -aje, -e
           l.s.  place          l zunaj             krajevni
           l.s.  temporal       t danes             c<asovni
           l.s.  causal         o namenoma          vzroc<nostni
           l.s.  qualit         q dobro             lastnostni
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
2 Degree         positive       p malo              osnovnik
                 comparative    c manj              primernik
                 superlative    s najmanj           presez<nik
********************************* ----------------- -------------------------
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
Notes:
1. Two deverbative adverbial participles have also been included here.
   These might be dropped in the future.
2. Some pronouns can also have an adverbial function. This issue has not
   been considered here.


Combinations

*** **** **** ==============================================================
PoS Type Degr Examples
*** **** **** ==============================================================
 R    g    p  malo
 R    g    c  manj
 R    g    s  najmanj
 R    1    -  z<elec<
 R    2    -  kazaje, molc<e
 R    l    -  zunaj
 R    t    -  danes
 R    o    -  namenoma
 R    q    -  dobro
*** **** **** ==============================================================


3.6.8. Adpositions (S)

Lexicon

= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT            VAL            C Example           Slovene term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
1 Type           preposition    p nad               predlog
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
2 Formation                     -
********************************* ----------------- -------------------------
3 Case           nominative     - -                 imenovalnik
  (req.by prep.) genitive       g brez              rodilnik
                 dative         d k                 dajalnik
                 accusative     a po                toz<ilnik
                 locative       l pri               mestnik
                 instrumental   i s                 orodnik
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================

Notes:
1. Slovene has prepositions only, with some arguable exceptions
   (e.g. 'navkljub'/in spite of), which can be pre- or postpositions.
   These need further study.


Combinations

*** **** **** ---- =========================================================
PoS Type Form  Case Examples
*** **** **** ---- =========================================================
 S    p    -    g  brez
 S    p    -    d  k
 S    p    -    a  po
 S    p    -    l  pri
 S    p    -    i  s
*** **** **** ---- =========================================================


3.6.9. Conjunctions (C)

Lexicon

= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT            VAL            C Example           Slovene term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
1 Type           coordinating   c in                priredni veznik
                 subordinating  s da                podredni veznik
*********************************
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================

Notes:
1. According to Slov. grammar, some conjunctions are 'two-part', but these
   can often be either single or two-part conjunctions with identical first
   and second conjunct, e.g. ali ... ali.
   Conjunctions are also classified into 'multi-word' conjunctions,
   e.g. ' kljub temu da'/in spite of. Such a distinction has not been made
   here, as this would involve multi-word analysis.
   A possibility is for the tokeniser to merge these multi word conjunctions,
   e.g.: kljub_temu_da


Combinations

*** **** ====================================================================
PoS Type Examples
*** **** ====================================================================
 C    c  in, ali
 C    s  da, ki
*** **** ====================================================================


3.6.10. Numerals (M)

Lexicon

= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT            VAL            C Example           Slovene term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
1 Type           cardinal       c en                glavni s<tevnik
                 ordinal        o prvi              vrstilni s<tevnik
            l.s. multipl        m enojen            mnoz<ilni s<tevnik
            l.s. special        s dvoje, ...        ostali s<tevniki
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
2 Gender         masculine      m en                mos<ki spol
                 feminine       f ena               z<enski spol
                 neuter         n eno               srednji spol
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
3 Number         singular       s en                ednina
                 plural         p tri               mnoz<ina
                 dual           d dva               dvojina
- -------------- -------------- - ----------------- -------------------------
4 Case           nominative     n en                imenovalnik
                 genitive       g enega             rodilnik
                 dative         d enemu             dajalnik
                 accusative     a en / enega        toz<ilnik
           l.s.  locative       l enemu             mestnik
           l.s.  instrumental   i enim              orodnik
********************************* ----------------- -------------------------
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================

Notes:
Numerals in Slovene can function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs. Therefore
the current classification is of doubtful value.
\end{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}

Combinations

*** **** **** **** **** ====================================================
PoS Type Gend Numb Case Examples
*** **** **** **** **** ====================================================
 M    c    m    s    n  en, dva, trije, s<tirje, pet
 M    o    m    s    n  prvi, drugi, tretji, c<etrti, peti
 M    m    m    s    n  enojen, dvojen, trojen, c<etveren, peter
 M    s    m    s    n  dvoje, troje, dvoj (?), ???
 M    c  [mfn][spd]  n  en, ena, eno, trije, tri, troje, dva, dve, dvoje
*** **** **** **** **** ====================================================


3.6.11. Interjections (I)

= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT            VAL            C Example           Slovene term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
                                  jejhata           medmet
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================


3.6.12. Unique membership class (U)

Notes:
Does not exist in Slovene.


3.6.13. Residual (X)

Notes:
This attribute needs to be harmonised.


3.6.14. Abbreviations (Y)

= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT            VAL            C Example           Slovene term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
                                  TAM               okrajs<ava
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================

Notes:
This category will need to be reconsidered, as it usually functions as a
proper noun. Cases where it inflects are found in corpora, e.g. 'TAM-a'


3.6.15. Particle (Q)

= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
P ATT            VAL            C Example           Slovene term
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================
                                  spet              c<lenek
= ============== ============== = ================= =========================


\end{verbatim}
\newpage
\section{References}

Bel N., Calzolari N. and Monachini M. eds. (1995): ``Common
Specifications
and Notation for Lexicon Encoding and Preliminary Proposal for the
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Leech J.  and A.  Wilson  (1994):  ``Morphosyntactic Annotation",
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Monachini M.  and N.  Calzolari  (1995):  ``Synopsis and Comparison of
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MULTEXT   (1993):  ``MULTEXT   Technical Annex",   Aix-en-Provence.\\

MULTEXT WP1.6 Report A2 (1994): ``Common  Specifications  and  Notation
for Lexicon Encoding", MULTEXT Report Milestone A2.\\

Teufel S. (1995):  ``EAGLES Validation: Tagset Mapping", Draft Report,
Stuttgart.

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